Econazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Econazole interacts with 14-¥á demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary to convert lanosterol to ergosterol. As ergosterol is an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, inhibition of its synthesis results in increased cellular permeability causing leakage of cellular contents. Econazole may also inhibit endogenous respiration, interact with membrane phospholipids, inhibit the transformation of yeasts to mycelial forms, inhibit purine uptake, and impair triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis. Gentamicin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Aminoglycosides like gentamicin "irreversibly" bind to specific 30S-subunit proteins and 16S rRNA. Specifically gentamicin binds to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with decoding site in the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base in the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes. Triamcinolone¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ The antiinflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition of arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding.
Pharmacology
Econazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Econazole is an antifungal medication related to fluconazole (Diflucan), ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox), and clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex). Econazole prevents fungal organisms from producing vital substances required for growth and function. This medication is effective only for infections caused by fungal organisms. It will not work for bacterial or viral infections. Gentamicin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Gentamicin is a broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of t-RNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Aminoglycosides are useful primarily in infections involving aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter. In addition, some mycobacteria, including the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, are susceptible to aminoglycosides. Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria can also be treated with aminoglycosides, but other types of antibiotics are more potent and less damaging to the host. In the past the aminoglycosides have been used in conjunction with penicillin-related antibiotics in streptococcal infections for their synergistic effects, particularly in endocarditis. Aminoglycosides are mostly ineffective against anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses. Triamcinolone¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Triamcinolone and its derivatives are synthetic glucocorticoids that are used for their antiinflammatory or immunosuppressive properties.
Metabolism
Econazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Not Available Triamcinolone¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Not Available
Protein Binding
Econazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸ Not Available Gentamicin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸ Low (between 0 and 30%) Triamcinolone¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸ 68%
Half-life
Econazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ Not Available Gentamicin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 3-3¨ö hours in infants one week to six months of age; this increases to 5¨ö hours in full-term and large premature infants less than one week old. Triamcinolone¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 88 minutes
Absorption
Econazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ After topical application to the skin of normal subjects, systemic absorption of econazole nitrate is extremely low. Although most of the applied drug remains on the skin surface, drug concentrations were found in the stratum corneum which, by far, exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration for dermatophytes. Gentamicin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Injections lead to peak serum concentrations in 30-60 minutes. Topical gentamicin is readily absorbed from large burned, denuded, or granulating areas but not through intact skin. Absorption of gentamicin is faster and greater with the cream compared to the ointment. Gentamicin is absorbed in small quantities following topical application to the eye. Gentamicin is also absorbed in small amounts following topical application to the ear (especially if the eardrum is perforated or if tissue damage is present). Triamcinolone¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Rapid absorption following oral administration
Econazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Overdosage of econazole in humans has not been reported to date. In mice, rats guinea pigs and dogs, the oral LD 50 values were found to be 462, 668, 272, and > 160 mg/kg, respectively. Gentamicin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Mouse, intravenous LD50: 52 mg/kg; rat, intravenous LD50: 96 mg/kg. Triamcinolone¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ LD50=>500mg/kg (in rats)
Drug Interactions
Econazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Not Available Gentamicin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Atracurium The agent increases the effect of muscle relaxantDoxacurium The agent increases the effect of muscle relaxantGallamine Triethiodide The agent increases the effect of muscle relaxantMetocurine The agent increases the effect of muscle relaxantMivacurium The agent increases the effect of muscle relaxantPancuronium The agent increases the effect of muscle relaxantPipecuronium The agent increases the effect of muscle relaxantRocuronium The agent increases the effect of muscle relaxantSuccinylcholine The agent increases the effect of muscle relaxantTubocurarine The agent increases the effect of muscle relaxantVecuronium The agent increases the effect of muscle relaxantBumetanide Increased ototoxicityEthacrynic acid Increased ototoxicityFurosemide Increased ototoxicityTorasemide Increased ototoxicityThalidomide Thalidomide increases the renal toxicity of the aminoglycosideCisplatin Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCefradine Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCephapirin Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCefamandole Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCefazolin Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCefonicid Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCefoperazone Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCeforanide Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCefotaxime Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCefotetan Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCefoxitin Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCeftazidime Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCeftizoxime Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCeftriaxone Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCefuroxime Increased risk of nephrotoxicityCephalothin Group Increased risk of nephrotoxicity Triamcinolone¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Not Available
Econazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A broad spectrum antimycotic with some action against Gram positive bacteria. It is used topically in dermatomycoses also orally and parenterally. [PubChem] Gentamicin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A complex of three different closely related aminoglycoside sulfates, Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA), obtained from Micromonospora purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit protein synthesis (genetic translation). [PubChem] Triamcinolone¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739)
GENTAMICIN ÀÇ Drug-Induced Toxicity Related ProteinÁ¤º¸ Replated Protein:Phospholipase A Drug:gentamicin Toxicity:aminoglycoside toxicity. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]Replated Protein:phospholipases C Drug:gentamicin Toxicity:aminoglycoside toxicity. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]Replated Protein:Angiotensinase A Drug:gentamicin Toxicity:important consequences upon renal function and metabolism. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]Replated Protein:Dipeptidylpeptidase IV Drug:gentamicin Toxicity:important consequences upon renal function and metabolism. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]Replated Protein:Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase Drug:Gentamicin Toxicity:necrosis. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]TRIAMCINOLONE ÀÇ Drug-Induced Toxicity Related ProteinÁ¤º¸ Replated Protein:Serotransferrin Drug:triamcinolone Toxicity:stimulate growth of NEL-M1 human melanoma cells . [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]Replated Protein:Insulin Drug:triamcinolone Toxicity:stimulate growth of NEL-M1 human melanoma cells . [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]
The database contains the following fields: The generic name of each chemical For module A10 (liver enzyme composite module): Overall activity category for each compound (A for active, M for marginally active, or I for inactive) based on the number of active and marginally active scores for each compound at the five individual endpoints (see research article for full description of method) Number of endpoints at which each compound is marginally active (M) Number of endpoints at which each compound is active (A) For modules A11 to A15 (alkaline phosphatase increased, SGOT increased, SGPT increased, LDH increased, and GGT increased, respectively): Overall activity category for each compound (A for active, M for marginally active, or I for inactive) based on the RI and ADR values (see the research article for full description of method) Number of ADR reports for each compound, given as <4 or ¡Ã4 Reporting Index value for each compound, except where no shipping units were available (NSU) Group 1 comprises of compounds for which ADR data were available for the first five years of marketing, so when no ADR reports were listed during this period the compounds were evaluated as inactive. Group 2 comprises of compounds for which a 'steady state' period of ADR data were available (1992-1996). In cases where no ADR reports were filed during this period, the compounds were scored as 'NA' (data not available) since they may have had one or more ADR reports during their first five years of marketing which should not be negated by a lack of ADR reports during the steady-state period. ECONAZOLE [GGT Increase] [Composite Activity] (Score)I (Marginal) 0 (Active) 0