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[Phenobarbital]
 [Phenobarbital] CAS number/50-06-6 ATC code/N05CA24 N03AA02 PubChem/4763 DrugBank/APRD00184 Formula/C12H12N2O3 Mol. mass/232.235 g/mol Bioavailability/>95% Metabolism/Hepatic (mostly CYP2C19) Excretion/Renal and fecal Pregnancy cat./
D(US) Legal status/
Class B(UK) Schedule IV(US) Routes/Oral, rectal, parenteral (intramuscular and intravenous) Protein binding/20 to 45%
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Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â
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| Mechanism of Action |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Phenobarbital acts on GABAA receptors, increasing synaptic inhibition. This has the effect of elevating seizure threshold and reducing the spread of seizure activity from a seizure focus. Phenobarbital may also inhibit calcium channels, resulting in a decrease in excitatory transmitter release. The sedative-hypnotic effects of phenobarbital are likely the result of its effect on the polysynaptic midbrain reticular formation, which controls CNS arousal.
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| Pharmacology |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Phenobarbital, the longest-acting barbiturate, is used for its anticonvulsant and sedative-hypnotic properties in the management of all seizure disorders except absence (petit mal).
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| Metabolism |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)
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| Protein Binding |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸ 20 to 45%
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| Half-life |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 53 to 118 hours (mean 79 hours)
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| Absorption |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Absorbed in varying degrees following oral, rectal or parenteral administration. The salts are more rapidly absorbed than are the acids. The rate of absorption is increased if the sodium salt is ingested as a dilute solution or taken on an empty stomach.
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| Pharmacokinetics |
PhenobarbitalÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- °æ±¸ :
- ¼ö¸éÈ¿°ú ¹ßÇö½Ã°£ : 20-60ºÐ À̳»
- ÀÛ¿ëÁö¼Ó½Ã°£ : 6-10 ½Ã°£
- Á¤¸ÆÅõ¿© :
- ÀÛ¿ë¹ßÇö½Ã°£ : 5ºÐ À̳»
- ÃÖ´ëÈ¿°ú ¹ßÇö½Ã°£ : 30ºÐ À̳»
- ÀÛ¿ëÁö¼Ó½Ã°£ : 4-10 ½Ã°£
- Èí¼ö : °æ±¸ : 70-90%
- ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ : 20-45%, ½Å»ý¾Æ¿¡¼´Â °¨¼ÒµÊ
- ´ë»ç : °£¿¡¼ hydroxylationµÇ°í glucuronide Æ÷ÇÕµÊ
- ¹Ý°¨±â :
- ½Å»ý¾Æ : 45-500 ½Ã°£
- ¿µ¾Æ : 20-133 ½Ã°£
- ¼Ò¾Æ : 37-73 ½Ã°£
- ¼ºÀÎ : 53-140 ½Ã°£
- Ç÷ÁßÃÖ°í³óµµ µµ´Þ½Ã°£ : °æ±¸ : 1-6 ½Ã°£ À̳»
- ¼Ò½Ç : 20-50%°¡ ¼Òº¯À¸·Î ¹Ìº¯È ¹è¼³µÊ
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| Biotransformation |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Hepatic (mostly via CYP2C19).
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| Toxicity |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ CNS and respiratory depression which may progress to Cheyne-Stokes respiration, areflexia, constriction of the pupils to a slight degree (though in severe poisoning they may wshow paralytic dilation), oliguria, tachycardia, hypotension, lowered body temperature, and coma. Typical shock syndrome (apnea, circulatory collapse, respiratory arrest, and death) may occur.
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| Drug Interactions |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Aminophylline The barbiturate decreases the effect of theophyllineDyphylline The barbiturate decreases the effect of theophyllineOxtriphylline The barbiturate decreases the effect of theophyllineTheophylline The barbiturate decreases the effect of theophyllineAnisindione The barbiturate decreases the anticoagulant effectAcenocoumarol The barbiturate decreases the anticoagulant effectDicumarol The barbiturate decreases the anticoagulant effectWarfarin The barbiturate decreases the anticoagulant effectBetamethasone The barbiturate decreases the effect of the corticosteroidCortisone acetate The barbiturate decreases the effect of the corticosteroidCyclosporine The barbiturate decreases the effect of cyclosporineDasatinib Decreased levels/efficacy of ddasatinibDelavirdine The anticonvulsant decreases the effect of delavirdineDexamethasone The barbiturate decreases the effect of the corticosteroidDisopyramide Phenobarbital decreases levels of disopyramideDoxycycline The anticonvulsant decreases the effect of doxycyclineFelbamate Felbamate increases the effect and toxicity of phenobarbital/primidoneFelodipine The barbiturate decreases the effect of felodipineFludrocortisone The barbiturate decreases the effect of the corticosteroidFolic Acid Folic acid decreases the effect of anticonvulsantGefitinib This CYP3A4 inducer may reduce gefitinib plasma concentrations and pharmacological effectsGriseofulvin The barbiturate decreases the effect of griseofulvinHydrocortisone The barbiturate decreases the effect of the corticosteroidItraconazole The barbiturate decreases the effect of itraconazoleMethadone The barbiturate decreases the effect of methadoneMethylprednisolone The barbiturate decreases the effect of the corticosteroidPrednisolone The barbiturate decreases the effect of the corticosteroidPrednisone The barbiturate decreases the effect of the corticosteroidParamethasone The barbiturate decreases the effect of the corticosteroidTriamcinolone The barbiturate decreases the effect of the corticosteroidVoriconazole The barbiturate decreases the effect of voriconazoleVerapamil The barbiturate decreases the effect of the calcium channel blockerSunitinib Possible decrease in sunitinib levelsPropranolol The barbiturate decreases the effect of the metabolized beta-blockerMetoprolol The barbiturate decreases the effect of the metabolized beta-blockerMethoxyflurane The barbiturate increases the renal toxicity of methoxyfluraneMetronidazole The barbiturate decreases the effect of metronidazoleNifedipine The barbiturate decreases the effect of the calcium channel blockerQuinidine The anticonvulsant decreases the effect of quinidineDivalproex sodium Valproic acid increases the effect of barbiturateChlorotrianisene The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of hormonesClomifene The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of hormonesDiethylstilbestrol The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of hormonesEstradiol The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of hormonesEstriol The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of hormonesConjugated Estrogens The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of hormonesEstrone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of hormonesEstropipate The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of hormonesImatinib Phenobarbital decreases levels of imatinibLevonorgestrel Phenobarbital decreases the effect of levonorgestrelMedroxyprogesterone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of hormonesMegestrol The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of hormonesQuinestrol The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of hormonesNorethindrone This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effectMestranol This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effectEthinyl Estradiol This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
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CYP450 Drug Interaction |
[CYP450 TableÁ÷Á¢Á¶È¸] Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ P450 table
SUBSTRATES
CYP 2B6
bupropion
cyclophosphamide
efavirenz
ifosfamide
methadone
INHIBITORS
CYP 2B6
thiotepa
ticlopidine
INDUCERS
CYP 2B6
**phenobarbital**
phenytoin
rifampin
SUBSTRATES
CYP 3A4/3A5/3A7
Macrolide antibiotics:
clarithromycin
erythromycin
NOT azithromycin
telithromycin
Anti-arrhythmics:
quinidine
Benzodiazepines:
alprazolam
diazepam
midazolam
triazolam
Immune Modulators:
cyclosporine
tacrolimus (FK506)
HIV Protease Inhibitors:
indinavir
ritonavir
saquinavir
Prokinetic:
cisapride
Antihistamines:
astemizole
chlorpheniramine
Calcium Channel Blockers:
amlodipine
diltiazem
felodipine
nifedipine
nisoldipine
nitrendipine
verapamil
HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors:
atorvastatin
cerivastatin
lovastatin
NOT pravastatin
simvastatin
aripiprazole
buspirone
gleevec
haloperidol (in part)
methadone
pimozide
quinine
NOT rosuvastatin
sildenafil
tamoxifen
trazodone
vincristine
INHIBITORS
CYP 3A4/3A5/3A7
HIV Protease Inhibitors:
indinavir
nelfinavir
ritonavir
amiodarone
NOT azithromycin
cimetidine
clarithromycin
diltiazem
erythromycin
fluvoxamine
grapefruit juice
itraconazole
ketoconazole
mibefradil
nefazodone
troleandomycin
verapamil
INDUCERS
CYP 3A4/3A5/3A7
carbamazepine
**phenobarbital**
phenytoin
rifabutin
rifampin
St. John's wort
troglitazone
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| Food Interaction |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Food Interaction Á¤º¸ Avoid alcohol.Avoid excessive quantities of coffee or tea (Caffeine).Increase dietary intake of magnesium, folate, vitamin B6, B12, and/or consider taking a multivitamin.Take on an empty stomach for quicker absorption
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| Drug Target |
[Drug Target]
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| Description |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [PubChem]
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| Drug Category |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ AnticonvulsantsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsGABA ModulatorsHypnotics and Sedatives
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| Smiles String Canonical |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ CCC1(C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O)C1=CC=CC=C1
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| Smiles String Isomeric |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ CCC1(C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O)C1=CC=CC=C1
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| InChI Identifier |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C12H12N2O3/c1-2-12(8-6-4-3-5-7-8)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h3-7H,2H2,1H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17)/f/h13-14H
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| Chemical IUPAC Name |
Phenobarbital¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione
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