Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Chlorpheniramine binds to the histamine H1 receptor. This blocks the action of endogenous histamine, which subsequently leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine. L-asparagine에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Asparagine, a non-essential amino acid is important in the metabolism of toxic ammonia in the body through the action of asparagine synthase which attaches ammonia to aspartic acid in an amidation reaction. Asparagine is also used as a structural component in many proteins. Neostigmine에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Neostigmine is a parasympathomimetic, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. By interfering with the breakdown of acetylcholine, neostigmine indirectly stimulates both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Pyridoxine에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Vitamin B6 is the collective term for a group of three related compounds, pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL) and pyridoxamine (PM), and their phosphorylated derivatives, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP), pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP). Although all six of these compounds should technically be referred to as vitamin B6, the term vitamin B6 is commonly used interchangeably with just one of them, pyridoxine. Vitamin B6, principally in the form of the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, is involved in a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen, the synthesis of nucleic acids, hemogloblin, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids, and the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Pharmacology
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 In allergic reactions an allergen interacts with and cross-links surface IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils. Once the mast cell-antibody-antigen complex is formed, a complex series of events occurs that eventually leads to cell-degranulation and the release of histamine (and other chemical mediators) from the mast cell or basophil. Once released, histamine can react with local or widespread tissues through histamine receptors. Histamine, acting on H1-receptors, produces pruritis, vasodilatation, hypotension, flushing, headache, tachycardia, and bronchoconstriction. Histamine also increases vascular permeability and potentiates pain. Chlorpheniramine, is a histamine H1 antagonist (or more correctly, an inverse histamine agonist) of the alkylamine class. It competes with histamine for the normal H1-receptor sites on effector cells of the gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels and respiratory tract. It provides effective, temporary relief of sneezing, watery and itchy eyes, and runny nose due to hay fever and other upper respiratory allergies. L-asparagine에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 A non-essential amino acid. Asparagine is critical for the production of the body's proteins, enzymes and muscle tissue. Supplements of this amino acid are claimed to balance nervous system function. Neostigmine에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Neostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Pyridoxine에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin used in the prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in those receiving isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH). Vitamin B6 has been found to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a small group of subjects with essential hypertension. Hypertension is another risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Another study showed pyridoxine hydrochloride to inhibit ADP- or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation and to lower total cholesterol levels and increase HDL-cholesterol levels, again in a small group of subjects. Vitamin B6, in the form of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, was found to protect vascular endothelial cells in culture from injury by activated platelets. Endothelial injury and dysfunction are critical initiating events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human studies have demonstrated that vitamin B6 deficiency affects cellular and humoral responses of the immune system. Vitamin B6 deficiency results in altered lymphocyte differentiation and maturation, reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, impaired antibody production, decreased lymphocyte proliferation and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production, among other immunologic activities.
Metabolism
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) L-asparagine에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Not Available Neostigmine에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Cholinesterase Pyridoxine에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
Absorption
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Absorption 정보 Well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Neostigmine에 대한 Absorption 정보 Neostigmine bromide is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration Pyridoxine에 대한 Absorption 정보 The B vitamins are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, except in malabsorption syndromes. Pyridoxine is absorbed mainly in the jejunum.
Toxicity
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Toxicity 정보 LD50 = 306 mg/kg in humans, mild reproductive toxin to women of childbearing age. Neostigmine에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Overdosage of Neostigmine can cause cholinergic crisis, which is characterized by increasing muscle weakness, and through involvement of the muscles of respiration, may result in death. The LD 50 of neostigmine methylsulfate in mice is 0.3 ± 0.02 mg/kg intravenously, 0.54 ± 0.03 mg/kg subcutaneously, and 0.395 ± 0.025 mg/kg intramuscularly; in rats the LD 50 is 0.315 ± 0.019 mg/kg intravenously, 0.445 ± 0.032 mg/kg subcutaneously, and 0.423 ± 0.032 mg/kg intramuscularly. Pyridoxine에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Oral Rat LD50 = 4 gm/kg. Toxic effects include convulsions, dyspnea, hypermotility, diarrhea, ataxia and muscle weakness.
Drug Interactions
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Donepezil Possible antagonism of actionGalantamine Possible antagonism of actionRivastigmine Possible antagonism of actionEthotoin The antihistamine increases the effect of hydantoinFosphenytoin The antihistamine increases the effect of hydantoinMephenytoin The antihistamine increases the effect of hydantoinPhenytoin The antihistamine increases the effect of hydantoin Neostigmine에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available Pyridoxine에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Description 정보 A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than promethazine. [PubChem] L-asparagine에 대한 Description 정보 A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from aspartic acid and ammonia by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed) Neostigmine에 대한 Description 정보 A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [PubChem] Pyridoxine에 대한 Description 정보 The 4-methanol form of vitamin B 6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). [PubChem]
Dosage Form
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Syrup OralTablet OralTablet, extended release Oral Neostigmine에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Liquid IntramuscularLiquid IntravenousTablet Oral Pyridoxine에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Liquid IntramuscularSolution IntramuscularSolution / drops OralTablet Oral
Drug Category
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Anti-Allergic AgentsAntihistaminesAntipruriticsHistamine H1 Antagonists L-asparagine에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Dietary supplementMicronutrientNon-Essential Amino Acids Neostigmine에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Cholinesterase InhibitorsParasympathomimetics Pyridoxine에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Anti-inflammatory AgentsEssential VitaminVitamin B ComplexVitamins (Vitamin B Complex)
Smiles String Canonical
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 CN(C)CCC(C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)C1=CC=CC=N1 L-asparagine에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 NC(CC(N)=O)C(O)=O Neostigmine에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 CN(C)C(=O)OC1=CC(=CC=C1)[N+](C)(C)C Pyridoxine에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O
Smiles String Isomeric
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 CN(C)CC[C@H](C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)C1=CC=CC=N1 L-asparagine에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(O)=O Neostigmine에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 CN(C)C(=O)OC1=CC(=CC=C1)[N+](C)(C)C Pyridoxine에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O
InChI Identifier
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C16H19ClN2/c1-19(2)12-10-15(16-5-3-4-11-18-16)13-6-8-14(17)9-7-13/h3-9,11,15H,10,12H2,1-2H3 L-asparagine에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C4H8N2O3/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H2,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1/f/h8H,6H2 Neostigmine에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C12H19N2O2/c1-13(2)12(15)16-11-8-6-7-10(9-11)14(3,4)5/h6-9H,1-5H3/q+1 Pyridoxine에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C8H11NO3/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3
Chemical IUPAC Name
Chlorpheniramine에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-pyridin-2-ylpropan-1-amine L-asparagine에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 (2S)-2,4-diamino-4-oxobutanoic acid Neostigmine에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 [3-(dimethylcarbamoyloxy)phenyl]-trimethylazanium Pyridoxine에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol
Drug-Induced Toxicity Related Proteins
MALEATE 의 Drug-Induced Toxicity Related Protein정보 Replated Protein:Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 Drug:maleate Toxicity:hepatic injury. [바로가기]
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