Amoxicillin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Amoxicillin binds to penicillin-binding protein 1A (PBP-1A) located inside the bacterial cell well. Penicillins acylate the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain by opening the lactam ring. This inactivation of the enzyme prevents the formation of a cross-link of two linear peptidoglycan strands, inhibiting the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that amoxicllin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells, while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells. The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential. The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion pumps in the cell membrane. The cell membrane potential created by potassium and sodium ions allows the cell generate an action potential?”a "spike" of electrical discharge. The ability of cells to produce electrical discharge is critical for body functions such as neurotransmission, muscle contraction, and heart function. Potassium is also an essential mineral needed to regulate water balance, blood pressure and levels of acidity. clavulanate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Clavulanic acid competitively and irreversibly inhibits a wide variety of beta-lactamases, commonly found in microorganisms resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins. By inactivating beta-lactamase (the bacterial resistance protein), the accompanying penicillin/cephalosporin drugs may be made more potent.
Pharmacology
Amoxicillin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum antibiotic active against a wide range of Gram-positive, and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms. It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better absorbed, following oral administration, than other beta-lactam antibiotics. Amoxicillin is susceptible to degradation by ¥â-lactamase-producing bacteria, and so may be given with clavulanic acid to increase its susceptability. The incidence of ¥â-lactamase-producing resistant organisms, including E. coli, appears to be increasing. Amoxicillin is sometimes combined with clavulanic acid, a ¥â-lactamase inhibitor, to increase the spectrum of action against Gram-negative organisms, and to overcome bacterial antibiotic resistance mediated through ¥â-lactamase production. Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Not Available clavulanate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Clavulanic acid, produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces Clavuligerus, is a beta-lactam structurally related to the penicillins. Clavulanic acid is used in conjunction with amoxicillin for the treatment of bronchitis and urinary tract, skin, and soft tissue infections caused by beta-lactamase producing organisms.
Amoxicillin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Hepatic metabolism accounts for less than 30% of the biotransformation of most penicillins clavulanate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Hepatic
Toxicity
Amoxicillin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Serious toxicity is unlikely following large doses of amoxicillin. Acute ingestion of large doses of amoxicillin may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Acute oliguric renal failure and hematuria may occur following large doses. Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Not Available clavulanate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Gastrointestinal symptoms including stomach and abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Rash, hyperactivity, or drowsiness have also been observed in a small number of patients
Drug Interactions
Amoxicillin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Methotrexate The penicillin increases the effect and toxicity of methotrexateDemeclocycline Possible antagonism of actionDoxycycline Possible antagonism of actionEthinyl Estradiol This anti-infectious agent could decrease the effect of the oral contraceptiveMethacycline Possible antagonism of actionMinocycline Possible antagonism of actionOxytetracycline Possible antagonism of actionRolitetracycline Possible antagonism of actionTetracycline Possible antagonism of actionMestranol This anti-infectious agent could decrease the effect of the oral contraceptive Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Amiloride Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaBenazepril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaCandesartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaCaptopril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaCilazapril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaDrospirenone Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaEnalapril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaEplerenone This association presents an increased risk of hyperkaliemiaEprosartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaForasartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaFosinopril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaIrbesartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaLisinopril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaLosartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaMoexipril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaPerindopril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaPolystyrene sulfonate Antagonism of actionQuinapril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaRamipril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaSaprisartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaSpirapril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaSpironolactone Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaTasosartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaTelmisartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaTrandolapril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaTriamterene Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaValsartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemia clavulanate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Methotrexate The penicillin increases the effect and toxicity of methotrexateDemeclocycline Possible antagonism of actionDoxycycline Possible antagonism of actionEthinyl Estradiol This anti-infectious agent could decrease the effect of the oral contraceptiveMestranol This anti-infectious agent could decrease the effect of the oral contraceptiveMethacycline Possible antagonism of actionMinocycline Possible antagonism of actionOxytetracycline Possible antagonism of actionRolitetracycline Possible antagonism of actionTetracycline Possible antagonism of action
Amoxicillin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [PubChem] Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells, while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells. The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential. The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion pumps in the cell membrane. The cell membrane potential created by potassium and sodium ions allows the cell generate an action potential?”a "spike" of electrical discharge. The ability of cells to produce electrical discharge is critical for body functions such as neurotransmission, muscle contraction, and heart function. Potassium is also an essential mineral needed to regulate water balance, blood pressure and levels of acidity. clavulanate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ Clavulanic acid and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [PubChem]