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³×Ä«ÀÎÁÖ0.25% [Bupivacaine HCl , Epinephrine bitartrate]
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[A12252581]
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| Related FDA Approved Drug |
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(bupivacaine;epinephrine; )
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| Mechanism of Action |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Local anesthetics such as bupivacaine block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. Clinically, the order of loss of nerve function is as follows: (1) pain, (2) temperature, (3) touch, (4) proprioception, and (5) skeletal muscle tone. The analgesic effects of Bupivicaine are thought to be due to its binding to the prostaglandin E2 receptors, subtype EP1 (PGE2EP1), which inhibits the production of prostaglandins, thereby reducing fever, inflammation, and hyperalgesia.
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Epinephrine works via the stimulation of alpha and beta-1 adrenergic receptors, and a moderate activity at beta-2 adrenergic receptors.
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| Pharmacology |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Bupivacaine is a widely used local anesthetic agent. Bupivacaine is often administered by spinal injection prior to total hip arthroplasty. It is also commonly injected into surgical wound sites to reduce pain for up to 20 hours after surgery. In comparison to other local anesthetics it has a long duration of action. It is also the most toxic to the heart when administered in large doses. This problem has led to the use of other long-acting local anaesthetics:ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Levobupivacaine is a derivative, specifically an enantiomer, of bupivacaine. Systemic absorption of local anesthetics produces effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. At blood concentrations achieved with therapeutic doses, changes in cardiac conduction, excitability, refractoriness, contractility, and peripheral vascular resistance are minimal. However, toxic blood concentrations depress cardiac conduction and excitability, which may lead to atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmias and to cardiac arrest, sometimes resulting in fatalities. In addition, myocardial contractility is depressed and peripheral vasodilation occurs, leading to decreased cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. Following systemic absorption, local anesthetics can produce central nervous system stimulation, depression or both.
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Epinephrine is indicated for intravenous injection in treatment of acute hypersensitivity, treatment of acute asthmatic attacks to relieve bronchospasm, and treatment and prophylaxis of cardiac arrest and attacks of transitory atrioventricular heart block with syncopal seizures (Stokes-Adams Syndrome). The actions of epinephrine resemble the effects of stimulation of adrenergic nerves. To a variable degree it acts on both alpha and beta receptor sites of sympathetic effector cells. Its most prominent actions are on the beta receptors of the heart, vascular and other smooth muscle. When given by rapid intravenous injection, it produces a rapid rise in blood pressure, mainly systolic, by (1) direct stimulation of cardiac muscle which increases the strength of ventricular contraction, (2) increasing the heart rate and (3) constriction of the arterioles in the skin, mucosa and splanchnic areas of the circulation. When given by slow intravenous injection, epinephrine usually produces only a moderate rise in systolic and a fall in diastolic pressure. Although some increase in pulse pressure occurs, there is usually no great elevation in mean blood pressure. Accordingly, the compensatory reflex mechanisms that come into play with a pronounced increase in blood pressure do not antagonize the direct cardiac actions of epinephrine as much as with catecholamines that have a predominant action on alpha receptors.
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| Metabolism |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Not Available
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| Protein Binding |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸ 95%
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| Half-life |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 2.7 hours in adults and 8.1 hours in neonates
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 2 minutes
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| Absorption |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ The rate of systemic absorption of local anesthetics is dependent upon the total dose and concentration of drug administered, the route of administration, the vascularity of the administration site, and the presence or absence of epinephrine in the anesthetic solution.
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Usually this vasodilator effect of the drug on the circulation predominates so that the modest rise in systolic pressure which follows slow injection or absorption is mainly the result of direct cardiac stimulation and increase in cardiac output.
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| Pharmacokinetics |
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| Biotransformation |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Amide-type local anesthetics such as bupivacaine are metabolized primarily in the liver via conjugation with glucuronic acid. The major metabolite of bupivacaine is 2,6-pipecoloxylidine, which is mainly catalyzed via cytochrome P450 3A4.
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Epinephrine is rapidly inactivated in the body and is degraded by enzymes in the liver and other tissues. The larger portion of injected doses is excreted in the urine as inactivated compounds and the remainder either partly unchanged or conjugated. The drug becomes fixed in the tissues and is inactivated chiefly by enzymatic transformation to metanephrine or normetanephrine either of which is subsequently conjugated and excreted in the urine in the form of sulfates and glucuronides. Either sequence results in the formation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid which also is detectable in the urine.
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| Toxicity |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ The mean seizure dosage of bupivacaine in rhesus monkeys was found to be 4.4 mg/kg with mean arterial plasma concentration of 4.5 mcg/mL. The intravenous and subcutaneous LD 50 in mice is 6 to 8 mg/kg and 38 to 54 mg/kg respectively. Recent clinical data from patients experiencing local anesthetic induced convulsions demonstrated rapid development of hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis with bupivacaine within a minute of the onset of convulsions. These observations suggest that oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are greatly increased during local anesthetic convulsions and emphasize the importance of immediate and effective ventilation with oxygen which may avoid cardiac arrest.
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Skin, LD50 = 62 mg/kg (rat)
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| Drug Interactions |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Not Available
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Acebutolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaAlseroxylon Increased arterial pressureAmitriptyline The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effectAmoxapine The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effectAtenolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaBetaxolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaBevantolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaBisoprolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaCarteolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaCarvedilol Hypertension, then bradycardiaClomipramine The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effectDesipramine The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effectDeserpidine Increased arterial pressureDoxepin The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effectEntacapone Entacapone increases the effect and toxicity of sympathomimeticsMethylergonovine Possible marked increase of arterial pressureNortriptyline The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effectProtriptyline The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effectImipramine The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effectEsmolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaGuanethidine The agent decreases the effect of guanethidineIsocarboxazid Increased arterial pressureLabetalol Hypertension, then bradycardiaLinezolid Possible increase of arterial pressureMethyldopa Increased arterial pressureMetoprolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaMidodrine Increased arterial pressureMoclobemide Moclobemide increases the sympathomimetic effectNadolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaPenbutolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaOxytocin Possible marked increase of arterial pressurePhenelzine Increased arterial pressurePindolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaPractolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaPropranolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaRasagiline Increased arterial pressureReserpine Increased arterial pressureSotalol Hypertension, then bradycardiaTimolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaTranylcypromine Increased arterial pressureTrimipramine The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effectErgonovine Possible marked increase of arterial pressureOxprenolol Hypertension, then bradycardiaPargyline Increased arterial pressure
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CYP450 Drug Interaction |
[CYP450 TableÁ÷Á¢Á¶È¸]
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| Drug Target |
[Drug Target]
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| Description |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A widely used local anesthetic agent. [PubChem]
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [PubChem]
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| Dosage Form |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Liquid InfiltrationSolution EpiduralSolution InfiltrationSolution Intraspinal
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Liquid IntramuscularLiquid OralSolution IntramuscularSolution IntravenousSolution NasalSolution Respiratory (inhalation)Solution / drops OphthalmicSolution / drops Oral
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| Drug Category |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Anesthetics, Local
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Adrenergic AgonistsAdrenergic alpha-AgonistsAdrenergic beta-AgonistsBronchodilator AgentsMydriaticsSympathomimeticsVasoconstrictor Agents
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| Smiles String Canonical |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ CCCCN1CCCCC1C(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ CNCC(O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1
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| Smiles String Isomeric |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ CCCCN1CCCC[C@@H]1C(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ CNC[C@H](O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1
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| InChI Identifier |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C18H28N2O/c1-4-5-12-20-13-7-6-11-16(20)18(21)19-17-14(2)9-8-10-15(17)3/h8-10,16H,4-7,11-13H2,1-3H3,(H,19,21)/f/h19H
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C9H13NO3/c1-10-5-9(13)6-2-3-7(11)8(12)4-6/h2-4,9-13H,5H2,1H3/t9-/m0/s1
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| Chemical IUPAC Name |
Bupivacaine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide
Epinephrine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ 4-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-methylaminoethyl]benzene-1,2-diol
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| Drug-Induced Toxicity Related Proteins |
EPINEPHRINE ÀÇ Drug-Induced Toxicity Related ProteinÁ¤º¸ Replated Protein:Interleukin-8 Drug:epinephrine Toxicity:inflammation. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â] Replated Protein:Leptin Drug:epinephrine Toxicity:epinephrine-induced suppression in human obesity. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â] Replated Protein:Glutathione reductase Drug:epinephrine Toxicity:cytotoxic. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â] Replated Protein:Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor Drug:epinephrine Toxicity:platelet aggregation. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]
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