드러그인포 약품요약정보 - 그라비연질캅셀

허가정보

항목

내용

청구코드(KD코드)
비급여점검코드
상한금액

비급여
[상병코드조회]
[질병코드조회]

빠른조회


요약정보	[효능] [용법] [금기] [신중투여] [이상반응]

상세정보	[효능] [용법] [경고] [금기] [신중투여] [이상반응] [일반주의] [상호작용] [임산부] [수유부] [소아] [고령자] [신장애환자] [간장애환자] [적용주의] [과량투여] [임상검사치] [보관] [기타]

제품성상

황갈색의 유상물질이 들어 있는 한면 적색, 이면 황색의 타원형 연질캅셀제 [제형정보 확인]

포장·유통단위

90C, 180C

효능효과

[적응증 별 검색]

다음 경우의 치료 보조요법 : 부적절한 식이요법,약물 등으로 인한 간장질환,임포텐스

용법용량

* 절대 임의복용하지 마시고 반드시 의사 또는 약사와 상담하시기 바랍니다.

[처방약어]
1일 2-3회,1회 1캅셀 복용한다.

[BMI지수 계산] [Body Surface Area 계산] [Cockcroft-Gault GFR 계산] [MDRD GFR 계산]

신중투여

1세미만의 유아
의사의 치료를 받고있는 사람

Off-label Usage

[조회]

Related FDA Approved Drug

기준 성분:CYANOCOBALAMIN
BEROCCA PN (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A PALMITATE; VITAMIN E)
BERUBIGEN (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
BETALIN 12 (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
CALOMIST (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
CERNEVIT-12 (ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CHOLECALCIFEROL; CYANOCOBALAMIN; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PANTOTHENIC ACID; PYRIDOXINE; RIBOFLAVIN; THIAMINE; VITAMIN A)
COBAVITE (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
CYANOCOBALAMIN (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
CYANOCOBALAMIN CO 57 SCHILLING TEST KIT (CYANOCOBALAMIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN, CO-57; INTRINSIC FACTOR)
DEPINAR (CYANOCOBALAMIN; TANNIC ACID; ZINC ACETATE)
DICOPAC KIT (CYANOCOBALAMIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN, CO-57; CYANOCOBALAMIN, CO-58)
INFUVITE ADULT (ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE; ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CHOLECALCIFEROL; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A PALMITATE; VITAMIN K)
INFUVITE PEDIATRIC (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CHOLECALCIFEROL; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE; RIBOFLAVIN; THIAMINE; TOCOPHEROL ACETATE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN K)
INFUVITE PEDIATRIC (PHARMACY BULK PACKAGE) (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CHOLECALCIFEROL; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE; RIBOFLAVIN; THIAMINE; TOCOPHEROL ACETATE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN K)
M.V.C. 9+3 (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E)
M.V.I. ADULT (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E; VITAMIN K)
M.V.I. ADULT (PHARMACY BULK PACKAGE) (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E; VITAMIN K)
M.V.I. PEDIATRIC (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PHYTONADIONE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E)
M.V.I.-12 (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E)
M.V.I.-12 (WITHOUT VITAMIN K) (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E)
M.V.I.-12 LYOPHILIZED (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E)
MVC PLUS (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E)
NASCOBAL (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
REDISOL (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
RUBIVITE (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
RUBRAMIN PC (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
RUBRATOPE-57 (CYANOCOBALAMIN, CO-57)
RUBRATOPE-57 KIT (COBALT CHLORIDE, CO-57; CYANOCOBALAMIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN, CO-57; INTRINSIC FACTOR)
RUBRATOPE-60 (CYANOCOBALAMIN, CO-60)
RUBRATOPE-60 KIT (COBALT CHLORIDE, CO-60; CYANOCOBALAMIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN, CO-60; INTRINSIC FACTOR)
RUVITE (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
VIBISONE (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
VITAPED (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PANTOTHENIC ACID; PHYTONADIONE; PYRIDOXINE; RIBOFLAVIN; THIAMINE; VITAMIN A PALMITATE; VITAMIN E)
VI-TWEL (CYANOCOBALAMIN)
기준 성분:CHOLINE HYDROGEN TARTARATE
기준 성분:CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE
기준 성분:ASCORBIC ACID
MOVIPREP (ASCORBIC ACID; POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 3350; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM ASCORBATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM SULFATE)

정보요약

드럭인포 의약품 요약/상세정보

코드 및 분류정보

항목	내용
BIT 약효분류	기타 비타민/영양제류 (Other Vitamins & Nutritional Supplements)
ATC 코드	Liver therapy / A05BA [코드분류상세설명] [ATC코드예측]
복지부분류코드	329 (기타의 자양강장변질제 )
Drugs By Indication	[전체보기]
Drugs By Classification	[전체보기]

제품정보

항목	내용
청구코드(KD코드) 비급여점검코드 상한금액	비급여 [상병코드조회] [질병코드집 다운로드]
제품성상	황갈색의 유상물질이 들어 있는 한면 적색, 이면 황색의 타원형 연질캅셀제 [제형정보 확인]
포장·유통단위	90C, 180C

복약정보

항목

내용

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약리작용

유료정보입니다.

임부에대한투여

*	전체임신 기간별로 여러등급이 존재할 수 있으며 가장 위험도가 높은 정보만 보여집니다. 단, 복합제의 경우 모든 복합제성분에 대한 임부투여등급이 표시된것은 절대 아니며 표시된것중에 가장 위험도가 높은 정보만 나타납니다.

FDA : B등급
(arginine; )

*	상기 임부투여에 대한 정보는 전산처리 되면서 입력 오류 가능성이 존재합니다. 오류 가능성을 최소화하기 위하여 많은 노력을 기울이고 있으나, 그 정확성에 대하여 확신을 드릴 수 없습니다. 이에 대해 회사는 책임을 지지 않습니다.
*	반드시 공신력 있는 문헌을 다시 한번 참고 하시기 바라며 의사 또는 약사의 판단에 따라 투여여부가 결정되어야 합니다.

Pharmacokinetics

유료정보입니다.

병용금기 및 연령대금기 근거조회

[병용금기 및 연령대금기 근거조회]

보관상 주의

조제시 주의

심사정보

항목	내용
DUR 관련 고시	[병용연령금기 의약품 / 임부금기 의약품 / 비용효과적 함량 의약품 / 안전성 관련 급여중지 의약품]

학술정보

항목	내용
DUR (의약품사용평가)	병용금기 : 고시된 병용금기 내용은 없습니다. [상호작용/병용금기검색] 연령대금기 : 고시된 연령금기 내용은 없습니다. [연령대금기상세검색]
독성정보	Ascorbic Acid에 대한 독성정보 : 정보보기 Calcium에 대한 독성정보 : 정보보기 Cyanocobalamin에 대한 독성정보 : 정보보기 출처: 국립독성과학원 독성물질정보DB : http://www.nitr.go.kr/nitr/contents/m134200/view.do
Mechanism of Action	Calcium에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. More than 500 human proteins are known to bind or transport calcium. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Parathyroid hormone (secreted from the parathyroid gland) regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone. Calcitonin stimulates incorporation of calcium in bone, although this process is largely independent of calcitonin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast. The currently recommended calcium intake is 1,500 milligrams per day for women not taking estrogen and 800 milligrams per day for women on estrogen. There is close to 300 milligrams of calcium in one cup of fluid milk. Calcium carbonate is currently the best and least expensive form of calcium supplement available. Choline에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Choline is a major part of the polar head group of phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine's role in the maintenance of cell membrane integrity is vital to all of the basic biological processes: information flow, intracellular communication and bioenergetics. Inadequate choline intake would negatively affect all these processes. Choline is also a major part of another membrane phospholipid, sphingomyelin, also important for the maintenance of cell structure and function. It is noteworthy and not surprising that choline deficiency in cell culture causes apoptosis or programmed cell death. This appears to be due to abnormalities in cell membrane phosphatidylcholine content and an increase in ceramide, a precursor, as well as a metabolite, of sphingomyelin. Ceramide accumulation, which is caused by choline deficiency, appears to activate Caspase, a type of enzyme that mediates apoptosis. Betaine or trimethylglycine is derived from choline via an oxidation reaction. Betaine is one of the factors that maintains low levels of homocysteine by resynthesizing L-methionine from homocysteine. Elevated homocysteine levels are a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis, as well as other cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Acetylcholine is one of the major neurotransmitters and requires choline for its synthesis. Adequate acetylcholine levels in the brain are believed to be protective against certain types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Vitamin B12 is used in the body in two forms: Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin. The enzyme methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells. Glycine에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 In the CNS, there exist strychnine-sensitive glycine binding sites as well as strychnine-insensitive glycine binding sites. The strychnine-insensitive glycine-binding site is located on the NMDA receptor complex. The strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor complex is comprised of a chloride channel and is a member of the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily. The putative antispastic activity of supplemental glycine could be mediated by glycine's binding to strychnine-sensitive binding sites in the spinal cord. This would result in increased chloride conductance and consequent enhancement of inhibitory neurotransmission. The ability of glycine to potentiate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission raised the possibility of its use in the management of neuroleptic-resistant negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Animal studies indicate that supplemental glycine protects against endotoxin-induced lethality, hypoxia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation, and D-galactosamine-mediated liver injury. Neutrophils are thought to participate in these pathologic processes via invasion of tissue and releasing such reactive oxygen species as superoxide. In vitro studies have shown that neutrophils contain a glycine-gated chloride channel that can attenuate increases in intracellular calcium and diminsh neutrophil oxidant production. This research is ealy-stage, but suggests that supplementary glycine may turn out to be useful in processes where neutrophil infiltration contributes to toxicity, such as ARDS. L-arginine에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Many of supplemental L-arginine's activities, including its possible anti-atherogenic actions, may be accounted for by its role as the precursor to nitric oxide or NO. NO is produced by all tissues of the body and plays very important roles in the cardiovascular system, immune system and nervous system. NO is formed from L-arginine via the enzyme nitric oxide synthase or synthetase (NOS), and the effects of NO are mainly mediated by 3,'5' -cyclic guanylate or cyclic GMP. NO activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase, which catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic GMP from guanosine triphosphate or GTP. Cyclic GMP is converted to guanylic acid via the enzyme cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase. NOS is a heme-containing enzyme with some sequences similar to cytochrome P-450 reductase. Several isoforms of NOS exist, two of which are constitutive and one of which is inducible by immunological stimuli. The constitutive NOS found in the vascular endothelium is designated eNOS and that present in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system is designated nNOS. The form of NOS induced by immunological or inflammatory stimuli is known as iNOS. iNOS may be expressed constitutively in select tissues such as lung epithelium. All the nitric oxide synthases use NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and oxygen (O2) as cosubstrates, as well as the cofactors FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), FMN (flavin mononucleotide), tetrahydrobiopterin and heme. Interestingly, ascorbic acid appears to enhance NOS activity by increasing intracellular tetrahydrobiopterin. eNOS and nNOS synthesize NO in response to an increased concentration of calcium ions or in some cases in response to calcium-independent stimuli, such as shear stress. In vitro studies of NOS indicate that the Km of the enzyme for L-arginine is in the micromolar range. The concentration of L-arginine in endothelial cells, as well as in other cells, and in plasma is in the millimolar range. What this means is that, under physiological conditions, NOS is saturated with its L-arginine substrate. In other words, L-arginine would not be expected to be rate-limiting for the enzyme, and it would not appear that supraphysiological levels of L-arginine which could occur with oral supplementation of the amino acid^would make any difference with regard to NO production. The reaction would appear to have reached its maximum level. However, in vivo studies have demonstrated that, under certain conditions, e.g. hypercholesterolemia, supplemental L-arginine could enhance endothelial-dependent vasodilation and NO production. L-cysteine에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Although classified as a non-essential amino acid cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine can usually be synthesized by the human body under normal physiological conditions if a sufficient quantity of methionine is available. Due to the ability of thiols to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine's antioxidant properties are typically expressed in the tripeptide glutathione, which occurs in humans as well as other organisms. The systemic availability of oral glutathione (GSH) is negligible; so it must be biosynthesized from its constituent amino acids, cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid. Glutamic acid and glycine are readily available in the diets of most industrialized countries, but the availability of cysteine can be the limiting substrate. Cysteine is also an important source of sulfide in human metabolism. The sulfide in iron-sulfur clusters and in nitrogenase is extracted from cysteine, which is converted to alanine in the process. In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, cysteine is one of the 599 additives to cigarettes. Its use or purpose, however, is unknown, like most cigarette additives. Its inclusion in cigarettes could offer two benefits: Acting as an expectorant, since smoking increases mucus production in the lungs; and increasing the beneficial antioxidant glutathione (which is diminished in smokers).
Pharmacology	Choline에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 This compound is needed for good nerve conduction throughout the CNS (central nervous system) as it is a precursor to acetylcholine (ACh). Choline is also needed for gallbladder regulation, liver function and lecithin (a key lipid) formation. Choline also aids in fat and cholesterol metabolism and prevents excessive fat build up in the liver. Choline has been used to mitigate the effects of Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. Choline deficiencies may result in excessive build-up of fat in the liver, high blood pressure, gastric ulcers, kidney and liver dysfunction and stunted growth. Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is a water-soluble organometallic compound with a trivalent cobalt ion bound inside a corrin ring. It is needed for nerve cells and red blood cells, and to make DNA. Vitamin B12 deficiency is the cause of several forms of anemia. Glycine에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Helps trigger the release of oxygen to the energy requiring cell-making process; Important in the manufacturing of hormones responsible for a strong immune system. L-arginine에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Studies have shown that is has improved immune responses to bacteria, viruses and tumor cells; promotes wound healing and regeneration of the liver; causes the release of growth hormones; considered crucial for optimal muscle growth and tissue repair. L-cysteine에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine may at some point be recognized as an essential or conditionally essential amino acid.
Metabolism	Choline에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Cholinesterase Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase L-cysteine에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Not Available
Protein Binding	Cyanocobalamin에 대한 단백결합 정보 Very high (to specific plasma proteins called transcobalamins); binding of hydroxocobalamin is slightly higher than cyanocobalamin.
Half-life	Cyanocobalamin에 대한 반감기 정보 Approximately 6 days (400 days in the liver).
Absorption	Choline에 대한 Absorption 정보 Not Available Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Absorption 정보 Readily absorbed in the lower half of the ileum. Glycine에 대한 Absorption 정보 Absorbed from the small intestine via an active transport mechanism. L-arginine에 대한 Absorption 정보 Absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the enterocytes. Absorption is efficient and occurs by an active transport mechanism.
Pharmacokinetics	Thiamine nitrate의 약물동력학자료 흡수 : 경구 : 최대흡수량 : 8-15 mg/day 근육주사 : 신속하고 완전하게 흡수된다. 분포 : 최소요구량 (약 1 mg/day)을 초과 섭취시 조직 저장에 포화가 나타난다. 소실 : 과잉 섭취된 양은 뇨를 통해 배설된다. Pyridoxine HCl의 약물동력학자료 흡수 : 위장관으로부터 잘 흡수된다. 대사 : 간에서 4-pyridoxic acid로 대사된다. 반감기 : 15-20일 혈중최고농도 도달시간 : 경구 : 1.25 시간 소실 : 4-pyridoxic acid로 신배설되며, 소량 (약 2%)은 담즙을 통해 배설된다. Tocopherol Acetate의 약물동력학자료 흡수 : 경구 : 소장으로부터 흡수되는 데에는 담즙이 필요하다. 흡수 저하 : 흡수장애 환자, 저체중 미숙아, 고용량 투여 유화제제보다 수용성 제제가 더 잘 흡수된다. 분포 : 모든 조직에 분포하며, 특히 지방조직에 고농도로 분포하고 저장된다. 대사 : 간에서 glucuronides 포합 소실 : 주로 담즙을 통해 (70-80%) 배설된다. L-Glutamine의 약물동력학자료 분포 : 대부분이 골격근에서 합성되고 저장된다. Ferric fumarate의 약물동력학자료 혈액학적 반응 발현시간 : 경구제제나 주사제제가 모두 근본적으로 같이 3-10일 내에 적혈구 형태와 색이 변화한다. 최대 적혈구 증가 : 5-10일 내로 이루어지며 헤모글로빈 치는 2-4주 내에 증가한다. 흡수 십이지장과 상부 공장에서 흡수되며 정상인에서 경구 복용량의 10%가 흡수된다. 철 결핍 환자는 흡수율이 20-30%로 증가된다. 식사나 무산증은 철의 흡수를 증가시킨다. 소실 : 혈중 transferrin에 결합되어 소변, 땀, 위장관 점막, 월경으로 배설된다. Riboflavin의 약물동력학자료 흡수 : 위장관으로부터 잘 흡수된다. 음식물에 의해 흡수양이 증가한다. 간염, 간경화, 담관폐색이 있는 환자에서 흡수가 감소한다. 분포 : 체내 모든 조직에 널리 분포한다. 반감기 : 초기 상 : 1.4 시간 말기 상 : 14시간 소실 : 미변화체로 신배설되는 양은 약 9%이다. Aminoacetic Acid(Glycine)의 약물동력학자료 대사 : Glycine은 단백, creatinine, glycocholic acid, glutathione, uric acid, heme 등의 합성에 관여한다. 체내에서의 분해는 여러단계로 이루어지며 주된 경로는 가역적인 산화적 분해이다. Serine이 정상적인 분해산물이다. 혈장 반감기 : 85분 L-methionine의 약물동력학자료 대사 : S-adenosylmethionine을 거쳐 homocysteine으로 전환된다. 그 후 80%가 cystathione, cysteine, taurine, inorganic sulphate로 점차로 대사된다. Nicotinamide의 약물동력학자료 작용발현시간 : pellagra : 24시간 흡수 : 위장관으로부터 신속하게 흡수된다. 분포 : 모든 조직으로 신속하게 분포한다. 태아 및 신생아에서의 농도가 모체의 농도보다 높다. 대사 : 간대사 Nicotinamide는 생체 내에서 niacin의 대사로부터 형성될 수 있다. Dietrich pathway를 통해 효소적으로 NAD 및 NADP로 전환된다. 반감기 : 45분 혈중최고농도 도달시간 : 20-70분 소실 : 용량의존적으로 미변화체 및 대사체로서 신배설된다. (생리적 용량에서는 소량만이 미변화체로 신배설되나 고용량 투여시 주로 미변화체로 신배설된다.) Thioctic Acid(α-lipoic acid)의 약물동력학자료 생체내이용률 : 경구 : 87% (당뇨병성 위장관계 다발성 신경증 환자의 경우 5-37%) 대사 : 간대사, 초회통과 대사를 받는다. 반감기 : 10-20분 혈중최고농도 도달시간 : 경구, 정맥주사 : 2-4 시간 소실 : 신배설 Cyanocobalamin의 약물동력학자료 흡수 : 경구 투여시 소장 원위부로부터 불규칙적으로 흡수된다. 능동 흡수에는 IF와의 복합체 형성이 필수적이며, 장관벽을 통해 수동 흡수도 가능하다. 위, 회장에 구조적 손상이나 기능적 손상이 있는 경우 흡수가 감소한다. 분포 : 위에서 위점막에 의해 분비되는 당단백인 IF (intrinsic factor)에 결합한다. 장관 점막세포 내에서 vitamin B₁₂-IF 복합체로부터 vitamin B₁₂가 유리된 후, 혈액 내에서 주로 특이적인 β-globulin 수송단백질인 transcobalamin II와 결합한다. 간, 골수 및 태반을 포함한 기타 조직으로 분포하며, 주로 간 (50-90%)에 저장된다. 단백결합 : 주로 transcobalamin II와 결합하며, 소량은 transcobalamin I (α-glycoprotein의 일종) 및 transcobalamin III (inter-α-glycoprotein의 일종)과 결합한다. 대사 : 장간순환 소실 : Vitamin B₁₂를 투여받고 있지 않는 정상인 : 많은 양이 담즙 배설 후 장간순환한다. 일일 turnover rate : 체내 총저장량의 0.05-0.2% (범위 : 0.4-8 μg) 일일 신배설량은 대개 0.25 μg 이하 Vitamin B₁₂를 투여받는 경우 : 0.1-1 mg 근육주사 또는 정맥주사 후 48시간 이내에 50-90%가 신배설된다. Calcium pantothenate의 약물동력학자료 흡수 : 경구 : 잘 흡수된다. 소실 : 약 70%는 미변화체로 소변을 통해, 약 30%는 대변을 통해 배설된다. Ascorbic Acid의 약물동력학자료 흡수 : 소장에서 거의 완전히 흡수된다. 흡수는 능동수송을 통해 이루어지며 용량의존적이라 여겨진다. (고용량에서 흡수 포화) 분포 : 널리 분포 단백결합 : 약 25% 대사 : 간에서 산화 및 황산 포합 등으로 대사된다. 반감기 : 16일 고용량 투여시 : 3.4 시간 혈중최고농도 도달시간 : 정상 성인 : 2-3 시간 소실 : 주 배설 경로는 신장 및 담즙이다. 신배설은 용량의존적으로, 투여량이 증가하면 신배설량 및 속도가 증가한다. L-arginine의 약물동력학자료 최고 혈중농도 도달 : 경구 : 2시간 최대 효과 발현 : 당뇨 진단 : 정맥주사 : 20-45 분 혈당의 최고 상승은 20분 후에 나타나며, 인슐린의 최대 상승은 20-30 분 후에 나타나며 glucagon은 30-45 분 후에 나타난다. 성장호르몬 보유 진단 : 정맥주사 : 1-2 시간 Arginine 30 g을 30분간 정맥주사 후 성장호르몬의 최대 상승이 약 1-2 시간 후에 나타난다. 작용 지속 시간 : 정맥주사 : 1시간 흡수 : 위장관에서 잘 흡수됨 대사 : 간에서 arginase에 의해 guanidino group이 가수분해되어 urea와 ornithine을 생성한다. Ornithine은 궁극적으로 glucose 생성에 이용된다. 소실 : 신장 : 사구체로 여과되고 신세뇨관으로 재흡수된다. 반감기 : 1.2-2 시간
Biotransformation	Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Biotransformation 정보 Hepatic Glycine에 대한 Biotransformation 정보 Hepatic L-arginine에 대한 Biotransformation 정보 Some metabolism of L-arginine takes place in the enterocytes. L-arginine not metabolized in the enterocytes enters the portal circulation from whence it is transported to the liver, where again some portion of the amino acid is metabolized. L-cysteine에 대한 Biotransformation 정보 Not Available
Toxicity	Choline에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Oral rat LD₅₀: 3400 mg/kg Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Anaphylactic reaction (skin rash, itching, wheezing)-after parenteral administration. ORL-MUS LD₅₀ > 8000 mg/kg Glycine에 대한 Toxicity 정보 ORL-RAT LD₅₀ 7930 mg/kg, SCU-RAT LD₅₀ 5200 mg/kg, IVN-RAT LD₅₀ 2600 mg/kg, ORL-MUS LD₅₀ 4920 mg/kg; Doses of 1 gram daily are very well tolerated. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms are infrequently noted. In one study doses of 90 grams daily were also well tole. L-arginine에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Oral supplementation with L-arginine at doses up to 15 grams daily are generally well tolerated. The most common adverse reactions of higher doses from 15 to 30 grams daily are nausea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Some may experience these symptoms at lower doses. L-cysteine에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Not Available
Drug Interactions	Calcium에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Alendronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesAmprenavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirAtazanavir This gastric pH modifier decreases the levels/effects of atazanavirChloroquine The antiacid decreases the absorption of chloroquineCiprofloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesDapsone Formation of non-absorbable complexesDelavirdine The antiacid decreases the effect of delavirdineDemeclocycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesDoxycycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesEnoxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesFosamprenavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirGrepafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesIbandronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesIndinavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of indinavirItraconazole The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleKetoconazole The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleLevofloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesLevothyroxine Calcium decreases absorption of levothyroxineLomefloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesMethacycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesMinocycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesMoxifloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesNorfloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesOfloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesOxytetracycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesPefloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesPolystyrene sulfonate Formation of non-absorbable complexesRisedronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesTetracycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesTrovafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesClodronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesEtidronic acid Formation of non-absorbable complexesMycophenolate mofetil Formation of non-absorbable complexesTemafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexes Choline에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available Glycine에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available L-arginine에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available L-cysteine에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available
CYP450 Drug Interaction	[CYP450 Table직접조회]
Drug Target	[Drug Target]
Description	Calcium에 대한 Description 정보 Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast. Choline에 대한 Description 정보 A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [PubChem] Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Description 정보 Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. Cyanocobalamin's structure is based on a corrin ring, which, although similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll, and cytochrome, has two of the pyrrole rings directly bonded. The central metal ion is Co (cobalt). Cyanocobalamin cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of cyanocobalamin are bacteria and archaea. Higher plants do not concentrate cyanocobalamin from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products. [HMDB] fumarate에 대한 Description 정보 Not Available Glycine에 대한 Description 정보 A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [PubChem] L-arginine에 대한 Description 정보 An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [PubChem] L-cysteine에 대한 Description 정보 A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [PubChem]
Dosage Form	Calcium에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Capsule OralLiquid DentalLiquid IntravenousLiquid OralLiquid SublingualPaste DentalPowder OralPowder, for solution OralSolution IntramuscularSolution IntravenousSolution OralSolution / drops OralSyrup OralTablet OralTablet, chewable Oral Choline에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Tablet Oral Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Capsule OralLiquid IntramuscularLiquid OralPowder OralSolution IntramuscularTablet OralTablet, extended release Oral fumarate에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Glycine에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Liquid IrrigationSolution Intraperitoneal L-arginine에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Liquid Intravenous L-cysteine에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Not Available
Drug Category	Choline에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Dietary supplementLipotropic AgentsMicronutrientNootropic Agents Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Antianemic AgentsEssential VitaminVitamins (Vitamin B Complex) fumarate에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Not Available Glycine에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Dietary supplementGlycine AgentsMicronutrientNon-Essential Amino Acids L-arginine에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Conditionally Essential Amino AcidsDietary supplementMicronutrient L-cysteine에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Dietary supplementNutritional Supplement
Smiles String Canonical	Calcium에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 Not Available Choline에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 C[N+](C)(C)CCO Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 [Co+3].[C-] fumarate에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 [O-]C(=O)C=CC([O-])=O Glycine에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 NCC(O)=O L-arginine에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 NC(CCCN=C(N)N)C(O)=O L-cysteine에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 NC(CS)C(O)=O
Smiles String Isomeric	Calcium에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 Not Available Choline에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 C[N+](C)(C)CCO Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 [Co+3].[C-] fumarate에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C([O-])=O Glycine에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 NCC(O)=O L-arginine에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 N[C@@H](CCC\N=C(\N)N)C(O)=O L-cysteine에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier	Calcium에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 Not Available Choline에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C5H14NO/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3/q+1 Cyanocobalamin에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C62H90N13O14P.CN.Co/c1-29-20-39-40(21-30(29)2)75(28-70-39)57-52(84)53(41(27-76)87-57)89-90(85,86)88-31(3)26-69-49(83)18-19-59(8)37(22-46(66)80)56-62(11)61(10,25-48(68)82)36(14-17-45(65)79)51(74-62)33(5)55-60(9,24-47(67)81)34(12-15-43(63)77)38(71-55)23-42-58(6,7)35(13-16-44(64)78)50(72-42)32(4)54(59)73-56;1-2;/h20-21,23,28,31,34-37,41,52-53,56-57,76,84H,12-19,22,24-27H2,1-11H3,(H15,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86);;/q;-1;+3/p-1/t31?,34-,35-,36-,37+,41+,52?,53?,56?,57+,59-,60+,61+,62+;;/m1../s1/fC62H89N13O14P.CN.Co/h69,85H,63-68H2;;/q-1;2m/b42-23-,54-32-,55-33-;; fumarate에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/p-2/b2-1+/fC4H2O4/q-2 Glycine에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5)/f/h4H L-arginine에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C6H14N4O2/c7-4(5(11)12)2-1-3-10-6(8)9/h4H,1-3,7H2,(H,11,12)(H4,8,9,10)/t4-/m0/s1/f/h11H,8-9H2 L-cysteine에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1/f/h5H
Chemical IUPAC Name	Calcium에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 Not Available Choline에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 2-hydroxyethyl-trimethylazanium Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 Not Available fumarate에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 but-2-enedioic acid Glycine에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 2-aminoacetic acid L-arginine에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 (2S)-2-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoic acid L-cysteine에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 (2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid

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