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°Ôºê¶öƼÁ¤ GEVRAL-T TAB.[Ascorbic Acid 90% granule , Cupric oxide , Cyanocobalamin 1% granule , Dibasic calcium phosphate , Ferric fumarate
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| Related FDA Approved Drug |
±âÁØ ¼ººÐ: DIBASICAMINOSYN 7% W/ ELECTROLYTES (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
AMINOSYN 8.5% W/ ELECTROLYTES (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
AMINOSYN II 10% W/ ELECTROLYTES (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
AMINOSYN II 3.5% M (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, HEPTAHYDRATE)
AMINOSYN II 3.5% M IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, HEPTAHYDRATE)
AMINOSYN II 3.5% M IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM ACETATE; POTASSIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, HEPTAHYDRATE)
AMINOSYN II 3.5% W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 25% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
AMINOSYN II 3.5% W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 25% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
AMINOSYN II 4.25% M IN DEXTROSE 10% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, HEPTAHYDRATE)
AMINOSYN II 4.25% W/ ELECT AND ADJUSTED PHOSPHATE IN DEXTROSE 10% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM ACETATE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
AMINOSYN II 4.25% W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 20% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
AMINOSYN II 4.25% W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 25% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
AMINOSYN II 4.25% W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 25% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
AMINOSYN II 5% W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 25% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
AMINOSYN II 7% W/ ELECTROLYTES (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
AMINOSYN II 8.5% W/ ELECTROLYTES (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 2.75/10 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN DEXTROSE 10% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 2.75/25 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN DEXTROSE 25% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 2.75/5 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN DEXTROSE 5% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 4.25/10 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN DEXTROSE 10% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 4.25/20 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN DEXTROSE 20% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 4.25/25 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN DEXTROSE 25% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 4.25/5 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN DEXTROSE 5% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 5/10 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN DEXTROSE 10% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 5/15 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN DEXTROSE 15% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 5/20 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN 20% DEXTROSE W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 5/25 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN DEXTROSE 25% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
CLINIMIX E 5/35 SULFITE-FREE W/ ELECT IN DEXTROSE 35% W/ CALCIUM IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
ELLIOTTS B SOLUTION (CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM BICARBONATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, HEPTAHYDRATE)
IONOSOL B AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE; SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC ANHYDROUS)
ISOLYTE M IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
ISOLYTE M W/ DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
ISOLYTE P IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE)
ISOLYTE P W/ DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE)
ISOLYTE S PH 7.4 IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM GLUCONATE; SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, HEPTAHYDRATE)
OSMOPREP (SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC ANHYDROUS; SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC, MONOHYDRATE)
SODIUM PHOSPHATES IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, HEPTAHYDRATE; SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC ANHYDROUS)
TRAVASOL 2.75% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 10% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 2.75% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 15% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 2.75% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 20% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 2.75% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 25% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 2.75% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 3.5% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 3.5% W/ ELECTROLYTES (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 4.25% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 10% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 4.25% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 15% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 4.25% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 20% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 4.25% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 25% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 4.25% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; DEXTROSE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 5.5% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 5.5% W/ ELECTROLYTES (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 8.5% SULFITE FREE W/ ELECTROLYTES IN PLASTIC CONTAINER (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
TRAVASOL 8.5% W/ ELECTROLYTES (AMINO ACIDS; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC; SODIUM ACETATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE)
VISICOL (SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC ANHYDROUS; SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC, MONOHYDRATE)
±âÁØ ¼ººÐ: CYANOCOBALAMIN 1% GRANULE±âÁØ ¼ººÐ: CUPRIC OXIDE±âÁØ ¼ººÐ: ASCORBIC ACID 90% GRANULE
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Multivitamins and other minerals, incl. combinations / A11AA03
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Ascorbic Acid¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â
Calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â
Folic acid¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â
Magnesium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â
Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â
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| Mechanism of Action |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Vitamin B12 is used in the body in two forms: Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin. The enzyme methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. More than 500 human proteins are known to bind or transport calcium. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Parathyroid hormone (secreted from the parathyroid gland) regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone. Calcitonin stimulates incorporation of calcium in bone, although this process is largely independent of calcitonin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast. The currently recommended calcium intake is 1,500 milligrams per day for women not taking estrogen and 800 milligrams per day for women on estrogen. There is close to 300 milligrams of calcium in one cup of fluid milk. Calcium carbonate is currently the best and least expensive form of calcium supplement available.
Magnesium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Not Available
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells, while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells. The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential. The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion pumps in the cell membrane. The cell membrane potential created by potassium and sodium ions allows the cell generate an action potential?”a "spike" of electrical discharge. The ability of cells to produce electrical discharge is critical for body functions such as neurotransmission, muscle contraction, and heart function. Potassium is also an essential mineral needed to regulate water balance, blood pressure and levels of acidity.
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Vitamin B6 is the collective term for a group of three related compounds, pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL) and pyridoxamine (PM), and their phosphorylated derivatives, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP), pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP). Although all six of these compounds should technically be referred to as vitamin B6, the term vitamin B6 is commonly used interchangeably with just one of them, pyridoxine. Vitamin B6, principally in the form of the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, is involved in a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen, the synthesis of nucleic acids, hemogloblin, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids, and the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
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| Pharmacology |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is a water-soluble organometallic compound with a trivalent cobalt ion bound inside a corrin ring. It is needed for nerve cells and red blood cells, and to make DNA. Vitamin B12 deficiency is the cause of several forms of anemia.
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Not Available
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin used in the prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in those receiving isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH). Vitamin B6 has been found to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a small group of subjects with essential hypertension. Hypertension is another risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Another study showed pyridoxine hydrochloride to inhibit ADP- or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation and to lower total cholesterol levels and increase HDL-cholesterol levels, again in a small group of subjects. Vitamin B6, in the form of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, was found to protect vascular endothelial cells in culture from injury by activated platelets. Endothelial injury and dysfunction are critical initiating events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human studies have demonstrated that vitamin B6 deficiency affects cellular and humoral responses of the immune system. Vitamin B6 deficiency results in altered lymphocyte differentiation and maturation, reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, impaired antibody production, decreased lymphocyte proliferation and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production, among other immunologic activities.
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| Metabolism |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Cytochrome P450 11B2 (CYP11B2)
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
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| Protein Binding |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸ Very high (to specific plasma proteins called transcobalamins); binding of hydroxocobalamin is slightly higher than cyanocobalamin.
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸ 22%
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| Half-life |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ Approximately 6 days (400 days in the liver).
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 15-20 days
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| Absorption |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Readily absorbed in the lower half of the ileum.
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Not Available
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ The B vitamins are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, except in malabsorption syndromes. Pyridoxine is absorbed mainly in the jejunum.
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| Pharmacokinetics |
Potassium IodideÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- ÀÛ¿ë¹ßÇö½Ã°£ : 24-48 ½Ã°£
- ÃÖ´ëÈ¿°ú ¹ßÇö½Ã°£ : Áö¼ÓÀû Ä¡·á ½ÃÀÛ ÈÄ 10-15ÀÏ
- ¼Ò½Ç : Á¤»óÀûÀÎ °©»ó¼±±â´ÉÀ» Áö´Ñ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼ ½ÅŬ¸®¾î·±½º¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼Ò½ÇÀ²Àº °©»ó¼± ¼Ò½ÇÀ²ÀÇ 2¹èÀÌ´Ù.
Folic AcidÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- ÃÖ°íÈ¿°ú ¹ßÇö½Ã°£ : 0.5-1½Ã°£ ³»·Î ³ªÅ¸³´Ù.
- Èí¼ö : ¼ÒÀåÀÇ ±ÙÀ§ºÎºÐ(proximal part)¿¡¼ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.
Dibasic calcium phosphateÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Èí¼ö : À§Àå°üÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÌ¿ÂÈ ÇüÅ·ΠÈí¼öµÇ¸ç ºñŸ¹Î D°¡ ÇÊ¿ä ; »ê¼º¿¡¼ Èí¼öÁõ°¡
- »ýü³»ÀÌ¿ë·ü : 4-45 % ; Á¦Á¦¸¶´Ù ´Ù¸£´Ù.
- À½½Ä¹°ÀÇ ¿µÇâ : Ä®½·Èí¼ö(10-30 %)Áõ°¡
¼¶À¯¼Ò°¡ ¸¹Àº À½½ÄÀº À§Àå°ü ¹èÃâ½Ã°£À» Áöü½ÃÄÑ Ä®½·Èí¼ö¸¦ ÀúÇϽÃÅ´
- ºÐÆ÷ : ŹÝÅë°ú; À¯ÁóºÐºñ
- ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ : 45 %
- ¼Ò½Ç : Èí¼öµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Ä®½·Àº ÁÖ·Î º¯À¸·Î ¹è¼³
½Å¹è¼³ : 20 % (50-300 mg/day)
Nicotinamide 99.5% granuleÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- ÀÛ¿ë¹ßÇö½Ã°£ : pellagra : 24½Ã°£
- Èí¼ö : À§Àå°üÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- ºÐÆ÷ :
- ¸ðµç Á¶Á÷À¸·Î ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ºÐÆ÷ÇÑ´Ù.
- ÅÂ¾Æ ¹× ½Å»ý¾Æ¿¡¼ÀÇ ³óµµ°¡ ¸ðüÀÇ ³óµµº¸´Ù ³ô´Ù.
- ´ë»ç : °£´ë»ç
- Nicotinamide´Â »ýü ³»¿¡¼ niacinÀÇ ´ë»ç·ÎºÎÅÍ Çü¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
- Dietrich pathway¸¦ ÅëÇØ È¿¼ÒÀûÀ¸·Î NAD ¹× NADP·Î ÀüȯµÈ´Ù.
- ¹Ý°¨±â : 45ºÐ
- Ç÷ÁßÃÖ°í³óµµ µµ´Þ½Ã°£ : 20-70ºÐ
- ¼Ò½Ç : ¿ë·®ÀÇÁ¸ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ìº¯Èü ¹× ´ë»çü·Î¼ ½Å¹è¼³µÈ´Ù. (»ý¸®Àû ¿ë·®¿¡¼´Â ¼Ò·®¸¸ÀÌ ¹Ìº¯Èü·Î ½Å¹è¼³µÇ³ª °í¿ë·® Åõ¿©½Ã ÁÖ·Î ¹Ìº¯Èü·Î ½Å¹è¼³µÈ´Ù.)
Cyanocobalamin 1% granuleÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Èí¼ö :
- °æ±¸ Åõ¿©½Ã ¼ÒÀå ¿øÀ§ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÒ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- ´Éµ¿ Èí¼ö¿¡´Â IF¿ÍÀÇ º¹ÇÕü Çü¼ºÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀ̸ç, Àå°üº®À» ÅëÇØ ¼öµ¿ Èí¼öµµ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
- À§, ȸÀå¿¡ ±¸Á¶Àû ¼Õ»óÀ̳ª ±â´ÉÀû ¼Õ»óÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì Èí¼ö°¡ °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù.
- ºÐÆ÷ :
- À§¿¡¼ À§Á¡¸·¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÐºñµÇ´Â ´ç´Ü¹éÀÎ IF (intrinsic factor)¿¡ °áÇÕÇÑ´Ù.
- Àå°ü Á¡¸·¼¼Æ÷ ³»¿¡¼ vitamin B12-IF º¹ÇÕü·ÎºÎÅÍ vitamin B12°¡ À¯¸®µÈ ÈÄ, Ç÷¾× ³»¿¡¼ ÁַΠƯÀÌÀûÀÎ ¥â-globulin ¼ö¼Û´Ü¹éÁúÀÎ transcobalamin II¿Í °áÇÕÇÑ´Ù.
- °£, °ñ¼ö ¹× ŹÝÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ±âŸ Á¶Á÷À¸·Î ºÐÆ÷Çϸç, ÁÖ·Î °£ (50-90%)¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ´Ù.
- ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ : ÁÖ·Î transcobalamin II¿Í °áÇÕÇϸç, ¼Ò·®Àº transcobalamin I (¥á-glycoproteinÀÇ ÀÏÁ¾) ¹× transcobalamin III (inter-¥á-glycoproteinÀÇ ÀÏÁ¾)°ú °áÇÕÇÑ´Ù.
- ´ë»ç : Àå°£¼øÈ¯
- ¼Ò½Ç :
- Vitamin B12¸¦ Åõ¿©¹Þ°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Â Á¤»óÀÎ : ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÌ ´ãÁó ¹è¼³ ÈÄ Àå°£¼øÈ¯ÇÑ´Ù.
- ÀÏÀÏ turnover rate : ü³» ÃÑÀúÀå·®ÀÇ 0.05-0.2% (¹üÀ§ : 0.4-8 ¥ìg)
- ÀÏÀÏ ½Å¹è¼³·®Àº ´ë°³ 0.25 ¥ìg ÀÌÇÏ
- Vitamin B12¸¦ Åõ¿©¹Þ´Â °æ¿ì : 0.1-1 mg ±ÙÀ°ÁÖ»ç ¶Ç´Â Á¤¸ÆÁÖ»ç ÈÄ 48½Ã°£ À̳»¿¡ 50-90%°¡ ½Å¹è¼³µÈ´Ù.
Riboflavin 33.3% granuleÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Èí¼ö :
- À§Àå°üÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Àß Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- À½½Ä¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Èí¼ö¾çÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù.
- °£¿°, °£°æÈ, ´ã°üÆó»öÀÌ Àִ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼ Èí¼ö°¡ °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù.
- ºÐÆ÷ : ü³» ¸ðµç Á¶Á÷¿¡ ³Î¸® ºÐÆ÷ÇÑ´Ù.
- ¹Ý°¨±â :
- Ãʱ⠻ó : 1.4 ½Ã°£
- ¸»±â »ó : 14½Ã°£
- ¼Ò½Ç : ¹Ìº¯Èü·Î ½Å¹è¼³µÇ´Â ¾çÀº ¾à 9%ÀÌ´Ù.
Ascorbic Acid 90% granuleÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Èí¼ö :
- ¼ÒÀå¿¡¼ °ÅÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- Èí¼ö´Â ´Éµ¿¼ö¼ÛÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸ç ¿ë·®ÀÇÁ¸ÀûÀÌ¶ó ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. (°í¿ë·®¿¡¼ Èí¼ö Æ÷È)
- ºÐÆ÷ : ³Î¸® ºÐÆ÷
- ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ : ¾à 25%
- ´ë»ç : °£¿¡¼ »êÈ ¹× Ȳ»ê Æ÷ÇÕ µîÀ¸·Î ´ë»çµÈ´Ù.
- ¹Ý°¨±â : 16ÀÏ
- Ç÷ÁßÃÖ°í³óµµ µµ´Þ½Ã°£ : Á¤»ó ¼ºÀÎ : 2-3 ½Ã°£
- ¼Ò½Ç :
- ÁÖ ¹è¼³ °æ·Î´Â ½ÅÀå ¹× ´ãÁóÀÌ´Ù.
- ½Å¹è¼³Àº ¿ë·®ÀÇÁ¸ÀûÀ¸·Î, Åõ¿©·®ÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¸é ½Å¹è¼³·® ¹× ¼Óµµ°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù.
Retinol Acetate granuleÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Èí¼ö :
- RetinolÀº ¼ÒÀå¿¡¼ Èí¼öµÇ¸ç retinoic acid´Â ¹®¸ÆÀ» ÅëÇØ Àü½ÅÀûÀ¸·Î Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- »ý¸®Àû º¸Ãæ·®ÀÇ ¿ë·® ÀÌÇÏ¿¡¼´Â Àß Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- À¯È Á¦Á¦º¸´Ù ¼ö¿ë¼º Á¦Á¦°¡ º¸´Ù ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- °í¿ë·®, ÁöÁú Èí¼öÀå¾Ö, Àú´Ü¹é½ÄÀÌ, °£Áúȯ, ÃéÀå Áúȯ¿¡¼´Â Èí¼ö°¡ ÀúÇϵȴÙ.
- ¸²ÇÁÀÇ chylomicrons¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °£À¸·Î ¼ö¼ÛµÈ´Ù.
- ºÐÆ÷ :
- °£¿¡ °í³óµµ·Î ÀúÀåµÈ´Ù. (¾à 2³â µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ¿ä±¸·®ÀÌ °£¿¡ ÀúÀåµÊ)
- À¯Áó ºÐºñ
- RBP (retinol-binding protein)¿¡ °áÇÕµÈ retinolÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π°£À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿î¹ÝµÈ´Ù.
- ´ë»ç : glucuronide Æ÷ÇÕ, Àå°£¼øÈ¯
- ¼Ò½Ç : ´ãÁóÀ» ÅëÇØ ´ëº¯À¸·Î ¹è¼³µÈ´Ù.
Tocopherol acetate 50% granuleÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Èí¼ö : °æ±¸ :
- ¼ÒÀåÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Èí¼öµÇ´Â µ¥¿¡´Â ´ãÁóÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
- Èí¼ö ÀúÇÏ : Èí¼öÀå¾Ö ȯÀÚ, ÀúüÁß ¹Ì¼÷¾Æ, °í¿ë·® Åõ¿©
- À¯ÈÁ¦Á¦º¸´Ù ¼ö¿ë¼º Á¦Á¦°¡ ´õ Àß Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- ºÐÆ÷ : ¸ðµç Á¶Á÷¿¡ ºÐÆ÷Çϸç, ƯÈ÷ Áö¹æÁ¶Á÷¿¡ °í³óµµ·Î ºÐÆ÷Çϰí ÀúÀåµÈ´Ù.
- ´ë»ç : °£¿¡¼ glucuronides Æ÷ÇÕ
- ¼Ò½Ç : ÁÖ·Î ´ãÁóÀ» ÅëÇØ (70-80%) ¹è¼³µÈ´Ù.
Ferric fumarateÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Ç÷¾×ÇÐÀû ¹ÝÀÀ ¹ßÇö½Ã°£ : °æ±¸Á¦Á¦³ª ÁÖ»çÁ¦Á¦°¡ ¸ðµÎ ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î °°ÀÌ 3-10ÀÏ ³»¿¡ ÀûÇ÷±¸ ÇüÅÂ¿Í »öÀÌ º¯ÈÇÑ´Ù.
- ÃÖ´ë ÀûÇ÷±¸ Áõ°¡ : 5-10ÀÏ ³»·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸ç Çì¸ð±Û·Îºó Ä¡´Â 2-4ÁÖ ³»¿¡ Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù.
- Èí¼ö
- ½ÊÀÌÁöÀå°ú »óºÎ °øÀå¿¡¼ Èí¼öµÇ¸ç Á¤»óÀο¡¼ °æ±¸ º¹¿ë·®ÀÇ 10%°¡ Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- ö °áÇÌ È¯ÀÚ´Â Èí¼öÀ²ÀÌ 20-30%·Î Áõ°¡µÈ´Ù.
- ½Ä»ç³ª ¹«»êÁõÀº öÀÇ Èí¼ö¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù.
- ¼Ò½Ç : Ç÷Áß transferrin¿¡ °áÇÕµÇ¾î ¼Òº¯, ¶¡, À§Àå°ü Á¡¸·, ¿ù°æÀ¸·Î ¹è¼³µÈ´Ù.
Pyridoxine HClÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Èí¼ö : À§Àå°üÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Àß Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- ´ë»ç : °£¿¡¼ 4-pyridoxic acid·Î ´ë»çµÈ´Ù.
- ¹Ý°¨±â : 15-20ÀÏ
- Ç÷ÁßÃÖ°í³óµµ µµ´Þ½Ã°£ : °æ±¸ : 1.25 ½Ã°£
- ¼Ò½Ç : 4-pyridoxic acid·Î ½Å¹è¼³µÇ¸ç, ¼Ò·® (¾à 2%)Àº ´ãÁóÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹è¼³µÈ´Ù.
Thiamine nitrate 33.3%ÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Èí¼ö :
- °æ±¸ : ÃÖ´ëÈí¼ö·® : 8-15 mg/day
- ±ÙÀ°ÁÖ»ç : ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°í ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- ºÐÆ÷ : Ãּҿ䱸·® (¾à 1 mg/day)À» Ãʰú ¼·Ãë½Ã Á¶Á÷ ÀúÀå¿¡ Æ÷Ȱ¡ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù.
- ¼Ò½Ç : °úÀ× ¼·ÃëµÈ ¾çÀº ´¢¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¹è¼³µÈ´Ù.
Magnesium OxideÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Èí¼ö : °øÀå, ȸÀå¿¡¼ ´Éµ¿, ¼öµ¿ Èí¼ö
- »çÇÏÀÛ¿ë ¹ßÇö : 4-8 ½Ã°£
- ÃѴܹé°áÇÕÀ² : 33%
- ¼Ò½Ç : Èí¼öµÈ ¸¶±×³×½·Àº ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ½ÅÀå ¹è¼³, Èí¼öµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¸¶±×³×½·Àº ´ëº¯ ¹è¼³
|
| Biotransformation |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Hepatic
|
| Toxicity |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Anaphylactic reaction (skin rash, itching, wheezing)-after parenteral administration. ORL-MUS LD50 > 8000 mg/kg
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Not Available
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Oral Rat LD50 = 4 gm/kg. Toxic effects include convulsions, dyspnea, hypermotility, diarrhea, ataxia and muscle weakness.
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| Drug Interactions |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Not Available
calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Alendronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesAmprenavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirAtazanavir This gastric pH modifier decreases the levels/effects of atazanavirChloroquine The antiacid decreases the absorption of chloroquineCiprofloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesDapsone Formation of non-absorbable complexesDelavirdine The antiacid decreases the effect of delavirdineDemeclocycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesDoxycycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesEnoxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesFosamprenavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirGrepafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesIbandronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesIndinavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of indinavirItraconazole The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleKetoconazole The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleLevofloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesLevothyroxine Calcium decreases absorption of levothyroxineLomefloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesMethacycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesMinocycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesMoxifloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesNorfloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesOfloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesOxytetracycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesPefloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesPolystyrene sulfonate Formation of non-absorbable complexesRisedronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesTetracycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesTrovafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesClodronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesEtidronic acid Formation of non-absorbable complexesMycophenolate mofetil Formation of non-absorbable complexesTemafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Magnesium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Alendronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesCiprofloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesClodronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesDemeclocycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesDoxycycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesEnoxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesEtidronic acid Formation of non-absorbable complexesGatifloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesGemifloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesGrepafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesIbandronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesLevofloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesLomefloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesMethacycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesMinocycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesMoxifloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesNorfloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesOfloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesOxytetracycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesPefloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesRisedronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesTrovafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesTetracycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesTemafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesAmprenavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirChloroquine The antiacid decreases the absorption of chloroquineAtazanavir This gastric pH modifier decreases the levels/effects of atazanavirDelavirdine The antiacid decreases the absorption of delavirdineDihydroquinidine barbiturate The antiacid decreases the absorption of quinidineFosamprenavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirIndinavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of indinavirQuinidine The antiacid decreases the absorption of quindineQuinidine barbiturate The antiacid decreases the absorption of quinidinePolystyrene sulfonate Risk of alkalosis in renal impairmentRosuvastatin The antiacid decreases the absorption of rosuvastatin
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Amiloride Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaBenazepril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaCandesartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaCaptopril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaCilazapril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaDrospirenone Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaEnalapril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaEplerenone This association presents an increased risk of hyperkaliemiaEprosartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaForasartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaFosinopril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaIrbesartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaLisinopril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaLosartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaMoexipril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaPerindopril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaPolystyrene sulfonate Antagonism of actionQuinapril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaRamipril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaSaprisartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaSpirapril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaSpironolactone Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaTasosartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaTelmisartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaTrandolapril Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaTriamterene Increased risk of hyperkaliemiaValsartan Increased risk of hyperkaliemia
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Not Available
|
CYP450 Drug Interaction |
[CYP450 TableÁ÷Á¢Á¶È¸]
|
| Food Interaction |
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Food Interaction Á¤º¸ Not Available
|
| Drug Target |
[Drug Target]
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| Description |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. Cyanocobalamin's structure is based on a corrin ring, which, although similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll, and cytochrome, has two of the pyrrole rings directly bonded. The central metal ion is Co (cobalt). Cyanocobalamin cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of cyanocobalamin are bacteria and archaea. Higher plants do not concentrate cyanocobalamin from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products. [HMDB]
calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast.
fumarate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ Not Available
Magnesium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ Magnesium hydroxide is used primarily in "Milk of Magnesia", a white aqueous, mildly alkaline suspension of magnesium hydroxide formulated at about 8%w/v. Milk of magnesia is primarily used to alleviate constipation, but can also be used to relieve indigestion and heartburn. When taken internally by mouth as a laxative, the osmotic force of the magnesia suspension acts to draw fluids from the body and to retain those already within the lumen of the intestine, serving to distend the bowel, thus stimulating nerves within the colon wall, inducing peristalsis and resulting in evacuation of colonic contents.
Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [PubChem]
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells, while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells. The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential. The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion pumps in the cell membrane. The cell membrane potential created by potassium and sodium ions allows the cell generate an action potential?”a "spike" of electrical discharge. The ability of cells to produce electrical discharge is critical for body functions such as neurotransmission, muscle contraction, and heart function. Potassium is also an essential mineral needed to regulate water balance, blood pressure and levels of acidity.
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ The 4-methanol form of vitamin B 6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). [PubChem]
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| Dosage Form |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Capsule OralLiquid IntramuscularLiquid OralPowder OralSolution IntramuscularTablet OralTablet, extended release Oral
calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Capsule OralLiquid DentalLiquid IntravenousLiquid OralLiquid SublingualPaste DentalPowder OralPowder, for solution OralSolution IntramuscularSolution IntravenousSolution OralSolution / drops OralSyrup OralTablet OralTablet, chewable Oral
fumarate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Solution Respiratory (inhalation)
Magnesium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Aerosol OralCapsule OralLiquid IntramuscularLiquid IntravenousLiquid OralOintment TopicalPellet OralPowder OralSolution IntramuscularSolution IntravenousSolution OralSolution / drops OralSuspension OralSyrup OralTablet Oral
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Aerosol OralCapsule OralCapsule, extended release OralElixir OralLiquid IntravenousLiquid OralLiquid SublingualPowder OralPowder, for solution OralSolution IntravenousSolution OralSolution / drops OralTablet OralTablet, extended release Oral
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Liquid IntramuscularSolution IntramuscularSolution / drops OralTablet Oral
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| Drug Category |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Antianemic AgentsEssential VitaminVitamins (Vitamin B Complex)
fumarate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Not Available
Magnesium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Not Available
Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Vitamin B Complex
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Anti-inflammatory AgentsEssential VitaminVitamin B ComplexVitamins (Vitamin B Complex)
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| Smiles String Canonical |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ [Co+3].[C-]
calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ Not Available
fumarate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ [O-]C(=O)C=CC([O-])=O
Magnesium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ [Mg++]
Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ Not Available
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O
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| Smiles String Isomeric |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ [Co+3].[C-]
calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ Not Available
fumarate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C([O-])=O
Magnesium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ [Mg++]
Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ Not Available
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O
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| InChI Identifier |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C62H90N13O14P.CN.Co/c1-29-20-39-40(21-30(29)2)75(28-70-39)57-52(84)53(41(27-76)87-57)89-90(85,86)88-31(3)26-69-49(83)18-19-59(8)37(22-46(66)80)56-62(11)61(10,25-48(68)82)36(14-17-45(65)79)51(74-62)33(5)55-60(9,24-47(67)81)34(12-15-43(63)77)38(71-55)23-42-58(6,7)35(13-16-44(64)78)50(72-42)32(4)54(59)73-56;1-2;/h20-21,23,28,31,34-37,41,52-53,56-57,76,84H,12-19,22,24-27H2,1-11H3,(H15,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86);;/q;-1;+3/p-1/t31?,34-,35-,36-,37+,41+,52?,53?,56?,57+,59-,60+,61+,62+;;/m1../s1/fC62H89N13O14P.CN.Co/h69,85H,63-68H2;;/q-1;2m/b42-23-,54-32-,55-33-;;
calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ Not Available
fumarate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/p-2/b2-1+/fC4H2O4/q-2
Magnesium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/Mg/q+2
Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C6H6N2O/c7-6(9)5-2-1-3-8-4-5/h1-4H,(H2,7,9)/f/h7H2
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ Not Available
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C8H11NO3/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3
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| Chemical IUPAC Name |
Cyanocobalamin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ Not Available
calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ Not Available
fumarate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ but-2-enedioic acid
Magnesium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ magnesium(+2) cation
Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ pyridine-3-carboxamide
Potassium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ Not Available
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol
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