1) 이 약 또는 이 약에 포함된 성분에 과민반응이 있는 환자
2) 만 12개월 미만의 영아
3) 신장결석 환자
4) 심한 증상의 신부전 환자
신중투여
1) 의사의 치료를 받고 있는 환자
2) 햇빛을 많이 보고 정상적인 식사를 하는 어린이
3) 임부 및 임신하고 있을 가능성이 있는 여성, 수유부, 미숙아, 유아
4) 심장․순환기계기능 장애 환자
5) 신장장애 환자
6) 저단백혈증 환자
7) 강심배당체를 투여 중인 환자
이상반응
다음과 같은 경우 이 약의 복용을 즉각 중지하고 의사, 치과의사, 약사와 상의할 것. 상담 시 가능한 한 이 첨부문서를 소지할 것.
1) 이 약의 투여에 의하여 다음의 증상이 있을 경우
(1) 설사
(2) 구내염(입안염)
(3) 구역, 식욕부진, 복부팽만감
(4) 변비, 저혈압, 얼굴달아오름, 심박동불규칙, 구토, 피부발진
2) 피리독신을 1일 500 mg ～ 2 g의 용량으로 장기간 복용하면 감각신경병 또는 신경병적 증상(neuropathy : 말초신경계의 기능적 장애 또는 병적변화)이 나타날 수 있다.
3) 폴산이 부족한 환자에게 비타민 B12를 1일 10 μg 이상 투여할 경우 혈액학적 이상반응이 나타날 수 있다.
4) 고용량 투여에 의해 소화성 궤양을 촉진시키고 당내성(포도당내성) 손상(glucose tolerance impairment : 신체의 포도당을 대사하는 능력 장애), 고요산혈증(hyperurisemia, 혈액중에 요산이 과잉으로 존재하는 상태), 간손상을 일으킬 수 있다.
5) 대량투여로 인해 구역, 구토 등의 위장증상, 고나트륨혈증, 울혈심부전, 부종(부기) 등의 증상이 나타날 수 있다.
6) 장기투여에 의해 고칼슘혈증 및 결석증이 나타날 수 있다.
7) 항알도스테론제, 트리암테렌과 병용투여 시 고칼륨혈증을 일으킬 수 있으므로 주의할 것.
Calcium에 대한 독성정보 : 정보보기 Cyanocobalamin에 대한 독성정보 : 정보보기 gamma-Oryzanol에 대한 독성정보 : 정보보기 Nicotinamide에 대한 독성정보 : 정보보기 Pyridoxine에 대한 독성정보 : 정보보기 Riboflavin에 대한 독성정보 : 정보보기
Calcium에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. More than 500 human proteins are known to bind or transport calcium. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Parathyroid hormone (secreted from the parathyroid gland) regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone. Calcitonin stimulates incorporation of calcium in bone, although this process is largely independent of calcitonin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast. The currently recommended calcium intake is 1,500 milligrams per day for women not taking estrogen and 800 milligrams per day for women on estrogen. There is close to 300 milligrams of calcium in one cup of fluid milk. Calcium carbonate is currently the best and least expensive form of calcium supplement available. Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Vitamin B12 is used in the body in two forms: Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin. The enzyme methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells. Pyridoxine에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Vitamin B6 is the collective term for a group of three related compounds, pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL) and pyridoxamine (PM), and their phosphorylated derivatives, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP), pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP). Although all six of these compounds should technically be referred to as vitamin B6, the term vitamin B6 is commonly used interchangeably with just one of them, pyridoxine. Vitamin B6, principally in the form of the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, is involved in a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen, the synthesis of nucleic acids, hemogloblin, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids, and the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Riboflavin에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Binds to riboflavin hydrogenase, riboflavin kinase, and riboflavin synthase. Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN, riboflavin monophosphate) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The antioxidant activity of riboflavin is principally derived from its role as a precursor of FAD and the role of this cofactor in the production of the antioxidant reduced glutathione. Reduced glutathione is the cofactor of the selenium-containing glutathione peroxidases among other things. The glutathione peroxidases are major antioxidant enzymes. Reduced glutathione is generated by the FAD-containing enzyme glutathione reductase.
Pharmacology
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is a water-soluble organometallic compound with a trivalent cobalt ion bound inside a corrin ring. It is needed for nerve cells and red blood cells, and to make DNA. Vitamin B12 deficiency is the cause of several forms of anemia. Pyridoxine에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin used in the prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in those receiving isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH). Vitamin B6 has been found to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a small group of subjects with essential hypertension. Hypertension is another risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Another study showed pyridoxine hydrochloride to inhibit ADP- or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation and to lower total cholesterol levels and increase HDL-cholesterol levels, again in a small group of subjects. Vitamin B6, in the form of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, was found to protect vascular endothelial cells in culture from injury by activated platelets. Endothelial injury and dysfunction are critical initiating events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human studies have demonstrated that vitamin B6 deficiency affects cellular and humoral responses of the immune system. Vitamin B6 deficiency results in altered lymphocyte differentiation and maturation, reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, impaired antibody production, decreased lymphocyte proliferation and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production, among other immunologic activities. Riboflavin에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Riboflavin or vitamin B2 is an easily absorbed, water-soluble micronutrient with a key role in maintaining human health. Like the other B vitamins, it supports energy production by aiding in the metabolising of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Vitamin B2 is also required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and for regulating human growth and reproduction. It is essential for healthy skin, nails, hair growth and general good health, including regulating thyroid activity. Riboflavin also helps in the prevention or treatment of many types of eye disorders, including some cases of cataracts.
Metabolism
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Pyridoxine에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Riboflavin에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A)Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
Protein Binding
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 단백결합 정보 Very high (to specific plasma proteins called transcobalamins); binding of hydroxocobalamin is slightly higher than cyanocobalamin. Pyridoxine에 대한 단백결합 정보 22% Riboflavin에 대한 단백결합 정보 60%
Half-life
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 반감기 정보 Approximately 6 days (400 days in the liver). Pyridoxine에 대한 반감기 정보 15-20 days Riboflavin에 대한 반감기 정보 66-84 minutes
Absorption
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Absorption 정보 Readily absorbed in the lower half of the ileum. Pyridoxine에 대한 Absorption 정보 The B vitamins are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, except in malabsorption syndromes. Pyridoxine is absorbed mainly in the jejunum. Riboflavin에 대한 Absorption 정보 Vitamin B2 is readily absorbed from the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Pharmacokinetics
Riboflavin tetrabutyrate의 약물동력학자료
흡수 :
위장관으로부터 잘 흡수된다.
음식물에 의해 흡수양이 증가한다.
간염, 간경화, 담관폐색이 있는 환자에서 흡수가 감소한다.
분포 : 체내 모든 조직에 널리 분포한다.
반감기 :
초기 상 : 1.4 시간
말기 상 : 14시간
소실 : 미변화체로 신배설되는 양은 약 9%이다.
Calcium pantothenate의 약물동력학자료
흡수 : 경구 : 잘 흡수된다.
소실 : 약 70%는 미변화체로 소변을 통해, 약 30%는 대변을 통해 배설된다.
Gamma-oryzanol의 약물동력학자료
흡수 : 서서히 흡수됨
Nicotinamide의 약물동력학자료
작용발현시간 : pellagra : 24시간
흡수 : 위장관으로부터 신속하게 흡수된다.
분포 :
모든 조직으로 신속하게 분포한다.
태아 및 신생아에서의 농도가 모체의 농도보다 높다.
대사 : 간대사
Nicotinamide는 생체 내에서 niacin의 대사로부터 형성될 수 있다.
Dietrich pathway를 통해 효소적으로 NAD 및 NADP로 전환된다.
반감기 : 45분
혈중최고농도 도달시간 : 20-70분
소실 : 용량의존적으로 미변화체 및 대사체로서 신배설된다. (생리적 용량에서는 소량만이 미변화체로 신배설되나 고용량 투여시 주로 미변화체로 신배설된다.)
Cyanocobalamin의 약물동력학자료
흡수 :
경구 투여시 소장 원위부로부터 불규칙적으로 흡수된다.
능동 흡수에는 IF와의 복합체 형성이 필수적이며, 장관벽을 통해 수동 흡수도 가능하다.
위, 회장에 구조적 손상이나 기능적 손상이 있는 경우 흡수가 감소한다.
분포 :
위에서 위점막에 의해 분비되는 당단백인 IF (intrinsic factor)에 결합한다.
장관 점막세포 내에서 vitamin B12-IF 복합체로부터 vitamin B12가 유리된 후, 혈액 내에서 주로 특이적인 β-globulin 수송단백질인 transcobalamin II와 결합한다.
간, 골수 및 태반을 포함한 기타 조직으로 분포하며, 주로 간 (50-90%)에 저장된다.
단백결합 : 주로 transcobalamin II와 결합하며, 소량은 transcobalamin I (α-glycoprotein의 일종) 및 transcobalamin III (inter-α-glycoprotein의 일종)과 결합한다.
대사 : 장간순환
소실 :
Vitamin B12를 투여받고 있지 않는 정상인 : 많은 양이 담즙 배설 후 장간순환한다.
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Biotransformation 정보 Hepatic Riboflavin에 대한 Biotransformation 정보 Hepatic.
Toxicity
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Anaphylactic reaction (skin rash, itching, wheezing)-after parenteral administration. ORL-MUS LD50 > 8000 mg/kg Pyridoxine에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Oral Rat LD50 = 4 gm/kg. Toxic effects include convulsions, dyspnea, hypermotility, diarrhea, ataxia and muscle weakness. Riboflavin에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Not Available
Drug Interactions
Calcium에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Alendronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesAmprenavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirAtazanavir This gastric pH modifier decreases the levels/effects of atazanavirChloroquine The antiacid decreases the absorption of chloroquineCiprofloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesDapsone Formation of non-absorbable complexesDelavirdine The antiacid decreases the effect of delavirdineDemeclocycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesDoxycycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesEnoxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesFosamprenavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirGrepafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesIbandronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesIndinavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of indinavirItraconazole The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleKetoconazole The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleLevofloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesLevothyroxine Calcium decreases absorption of levothyroxineLomefloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesMethacycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesMinocycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesMoxifloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesNorfloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesOfloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesOxytetracycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesPefloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesPolystyrene sulfonate Formation of non-absorbable complexesRisedronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesTetracycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesTrovafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesClodronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesEtidronic acid Formation of non-absorbable complexesMycophenolate mofetil Formation of non-absorbable complexesTemafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexes Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available Pyridoxine에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available Riboflavin에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available
Calcium에 대한 Description 정보 Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast. Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Description 정보 Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. Cyanocobalamin's structure is based on a corrin ring, which, although similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll, and cytochrome, has two of the pyrrole rings directly bonded. The central metal ion is Co (cobalt). Cyanocobalamin cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of cyanocobalamin are bacteria and archaea. Higher plants do not concentrate cyanocobalamin from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products. [HMDB] Nicotinamide에 대한 Description 정보 An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [PubChem] Pyridoxine에 대한 Description 정보 The 4-methanol form of vitamin B 6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). [PubChem] Riboflavin에 대한 Description 정보 Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide. [PubChem]
Dosage Form
Calcium에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Capsule OralLiquid DentalLiquid IntravenousLiquid OralLiquid SublingualPaste DentalPowder OralPowder, for solution OralSolution IntramuscularSolution IntravenousSolution OralSolution / drops OralSyrup OralTablet OralTablet, chewable Oral Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Capsule OralLiquid IntramuscularLiquid OralPowder OralSolution IntramuscularTablet OralTablet, extended release Oral Pyridoxine에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Liquid IntramuscularSolution IntramuscularSolution / drops OralTablet Oral Riboflavin에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Not Available
Drug Category
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Antianemic AgentsEssential VitaminVitamins (Vitamin B Complex) Nicotinamide에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Vitamin B Complex Pyridoxine에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Anti-inflammatory AgentsEssential VitaminVitamin B ComplexVitamins (Vitamin B Complex) Riboflavin에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Photosensitizing AgentsRadiation-Sensitizing AgentsVitamin B ComplexVitamins (Vitamin B Complex)
Smiles String Canonical
Calcium에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 Not Available Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 [Co+3].[C-] Nicotinamide에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 Pyridoxine에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O Riboflavin에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(CC(O)C(O)C(O)CO)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2
Smiles String Isomeric
Calcium에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 Not Available Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 [Co+3].[C-] Nicotinamide에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 Pyridoxine에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O Riboflavin에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CO)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2
InChI Identifier
Calcium에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 Not Available Cyanocobalamin에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C62H90N13O14P.CN.Co/c1-29-20-39-40(21-30(29)2)75(28-70-39)57-52(84)53(41(27-76)87-57)89-90(85,86)88-31(3)26-69-49(83)18-19-59(8)37(22-46(66)80)56-62(11)61(10,25-48(68)82)36(14-17-45(65)79)51(74-62)33(5)55-60(9,24-47(67)81)34(12-15-43(63)77)38(71-55)23-42-58(6,7)35(13-16-44(64)78)50(72-42)32(4)54(59)73-56;1-2;/h20-21,23,28,31,34-37,41,52-53,56-57,76,84H,12-19,22,24-27H2,1-11H3,(H15,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86);;/q;-1;+3/p-1/t31?,34-,35-,36-,37+,41+,52?,53?,56?,57+,59-,60+,61+,62+;;/m1../s1/fC62H89N13O14P.CN.Co/h69,85H,63-68H2;;/q-1;2m/b42-23-,54-32-,55-33-;; Nicotinamide에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C6H6N2O/c7-6(9)5-2-1-3-8-4-5/h1-4H,(H2,7,9)/f/h7H2 Pyridoxine에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C8H11NO3/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3 Riboflavin에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C17H20N4O6/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(5-11(23)14(25)12(24)6-22)15-13(18-9)16(26)20-17(27)19-15/h3-4,11-12,14,22-25H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,20,26,27)/t11-,12+,14-/m1/s1/f/h20H
Chemical IUPAC Name
Calcium에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 Not Available Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 Not Available Nicotinamide에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 pyridine-3-carboxamide Pyridoxine에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol Riboflavin에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 7,8-dimethyl-10-[(2R,3R,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
사용자컨텐츠
항목
내용
최근정보수정일 2023-10-04
본 수정일 정보는 허가정보 이외의 기타정보 수정일을 의미하므로, 허가정보수정일은 본문에 표기된 날짜를 참조하시기 바랍니다.
알림
상세정보는 식품의약품안전처의 제품허가사항을 토대로 작성되었으며 요약정보는 상세정보 및 기타문헌을 기반으로 드럭인포에서 편집한 내용입니다. 제품허가사항의 목차와 다소 상이할 수 있습니다.
경고
드럭인포 의약학술정보는 식품의약품안전처의 제품허가사항, 학술문헌, 제약회사 제공정보 등을 근거로 작성된 참고 정보입니다.
정보의 정확성을 위해 노력하고 있으나 편집상의 오류, 허가사항 변경, 추가적인 학술연구 또는 임상연구 발표 등으로 인해 발생하는 문제에 대해 드럭인포는
책임을 지지 않습니다. 자세한 내용은 “책임의 한계 및 법적고지”를 참조해 주십시오.
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