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    º´¿ë±Ý±â :
     
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    | µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ | 
    Calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â 
Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â 
Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â 
  Ãâó: ±¹¸³µ¶¼º°úÇпø µ¶¼º¹°ÁúÁ¤º¸DB : http://www.nitr.go.kr/nitr/contents/m134200/view.do  | 
   
  
   
    | Mechanism of Action | 
    
       Calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. More than 500 human proteins are known to bind or transport calcium.   The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Parathyroid hormone (secreted from the parathyroid gland) regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone. Calcitonin stimulates incorporation of calcium in bone, although this process is largely independent of calcitonin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium.  Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis.  The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast. The currently recommended calcium intake is 1,500 milligrams per day for women not taking estrogen and 800 milligrams per day for women on estrogen. There is close to 300 milligrams of calcium in one cup of fluid milk. Calcium carbonate is currently the best and least expensive form of calcium supplement available.
  Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Chlorpheniramine binds to the histamine H1 receptor. This blocks the action of endogenous histamine, which subsequently leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine. 
     | 
   
  
   
    | Pharmacology | 
     
       Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ In allergic reactions an allergen interacts with and cross-links surface IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils. Once the mast cell-antibody-antigen complex is formed, a complex series of events occurs that eventually leads to cell-degranulation and the release of histamine (and other chemical mediators) from the mast cell or basophil. Once released, histamine can react with local or widespread tissues through histamine receptors. Histamine, acting on H1-receptors, produces pruritis, vasodilatation, hypotension, flushing, headache, tachycardia, and bronchoconstriction. Histamine also increases vascular permeability and potentiates pain. Chlorpheniramine, is a histamine H1 antagonist (or more correctly, an inverse histamine agonist) of the alkylamine class. It competes with histamine for the normal H1-receptor sites on effector cells of the gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels and respiratory tract. It provides effective, temporary relief of sneezing, watery and itchy eyes, and runny nose due to hay fever and other upper respiratory allergies. 
     | 
   
  
   
    | Metabolism | 
    
       Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) 
     | 
   
  
   
    | Absorption | 
    
       Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. 
     | 
   
  
   
    | Toxicity | 
    
       Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ LD50 = 306 mg/kg in humans, mild reproductive toxin to women of childbearing age. 
     | 
   
  
   
    | Drug Interactions | 
    
       Calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Alendronate	Formation of non-absorbable complexesAmprenavir	The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirAtazanavir	This gastric pH modifier decreases the levels/effects of atazanavirChloroquine	The antiacid decreases the absorption of chloroquineCiprofloxacin	Formation of non-absorbable complexesDapsone	Formation of non-absorbable complexesDelavirdine	The antiacid decreases the effect of delavirdineDemeclocycline	Formation of non-absorbable complexesDoxycycline	Formation of non-absorbable complexesEnoxacin	Formation of non-absorbable complexesFosamprenavir	The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirGrepafloxacin	Formation of non-absorbable complexesIbandronate	Formation of non-absorbable complexesIndinavir	The antiacid decreases the absorption of indinavirItraconazole	The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleKetoconazole	The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleLevofloxacin	Formation of non-absorbable complexesLevothyroxine	Calcium decreases absorption of levothyroxineLomefloxacin	Formation of non-absorbable complexesMethacycline	Formation of non-absorbable complexesMinocycline	Formation of non-absorbable complexesMoxifloxacin	Formation of non-absorbable complexesNorfloxacin	Formation of non-absorbable complexesOfloxacin	Formation of non-absorbable complexesOxytetracycline	Formation of non-absorbable complexesPefloxacin	Formation of non-absorbable complexesPolystyrene sulfonate	Formation of non-absorbable complexesRisedronate	Formation of non-absorbable complexesTetracycline	Formation of non-absorbable complexesTrovafloxacin	Formation of non-absorbable complexesClodronate	Formation of non-absorbable complexesEtidronic acid	Formation of non-absorbable complexesMycophenolate mofetil	Formation of non-absorbable complexesTemafloxacin	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
  Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Donepezil	Possible antagonism of actionGalantamine	Possible antagonism of actionRivastigmine	Possible antagonism of actionEthotoin	The antihistamine increases the effect of hydantoinFosphenytoin	The antihistamine increases the effect of hydantoinMephenytoin	The antihistamine increases the effect of hydantoinPhenytoin	The antihistamine increases the effect of hydantoin 
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    CYP450  Drug Interaction | 
    
      [CYP450 TableÁ÷Á¢Á¶È¸] Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ P450 table
  SUBSTRATES 
CYP 2D6 
Beta Blockers: 
S-metoprolol 
propafenone 
timolol 
Antidepressants: 
amitriptyline 
clomipramine 
desipramine 
imipramine 
paroxetine 
Antipsychotics: 
haloperidol 
risperidone 
thioridazine 
aripiprazole 
codeine 
dextromethorphan 
duloxetine 
flecainide 
mexiletine 
ondansetron 
tamoxifen 
tramadol 
venlafaxine 
 INHIBITORS 
CYP 2D6 
amiodarone 
buproprion 
**chlorpheniramine** 
cimetidine 
clomipramine 
duloxetine 
fluoxetine 
haloperidol 
methadone 
mibefradil 
paroxetine 
quinidine 
ritonavir 
 INDUCERS 
CYP 2D6 
N/A 
 
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    | Food Interaction | 
    
       Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Food Interaction Á¤º¸ Take with food.Avoid alcohol. 
     | 
   
  
   
    | Drug Target | 
    
      
      [Drug Target]
     | 
   
  
   
    | Description | 
    
       Calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium.  Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis.  The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast.
  Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than promethazine. [PubChem]
  Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [PubChem] 
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    | Dosage Form | 
    
       Calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Capsule	OralLiquid	DentalLiquid	IntravenousLiquid	OralLiquid	SublingualPaste	DentalPowder	OralPowder, for solution	OralSolution	IntramuscularSolution	IntravenousSolution	OralSolution / drops	OralSyrup	OralTablet	OralTablet, chewable	Oral
  Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Syrup	OralTablet	OralTablet, extended release	Oral 
     | 
   
  
   
    | Drug Category | 
    
       Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Anti-Allergic AgentsAntihistaminesAntipruriticsHistamine H1 Antagonists
  Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Vitamin B Complex 
     | 
   
  
   
    | Smiles String Canonical | 
    
       Calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ Not Available
  Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ CN(C)CCC(C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)C1=CC=CC=N1
  Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 
     | 
   
  
   
    | Smiles String Isomeric | 
    
       Calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ Not Available
  Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ CN(C)CC[C@H](C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)C1=CC=CC=N1
  Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 
     | 
   
  
   
    | InChI Identifier | 
    
       Calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ Not Available
  Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C16H19ClN2/c1-19(2)12-10-15(16-5-3-4-11-18-16)13-6-8-14(17)9-7-13/h3-9,11,15H,10,12H2,1-2H3
  Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C6H6N2O/c7-6(9)5-2-1-3-8-4-5/h1-4H,(H2,7,9)/f/h7H2 
     | 
   
  
   
    | Chemical IUPAC Name | 
    
       Calcium¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ Not Available
  Chlorpheniramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-pyridin-2-ylpropan-1-amine
  Nicotinamide¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ pyridine-3-carboxamide 
     | 
   
  
   
    | Drug-Induced Toxicity Related Proteins | 
    
      MALEATE ÀÇ Drug-Induced Toxicity Related ProteinÁ¤º¸ Replated Protein:Intercellular adhesion molecule 1  Drug:maleate Toxicity:hepatic injury.  [¹Ù·Î°¡±â] 
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                            ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¦Á¶¡¤¼öÀÔ»ç, ÆÇ¸Å»ç, ÀÇ»ç, ¾à»ç¿¡°Ô ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î È®ÀÎÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù.
                          ÀüÈ: 02-3486-1061 ¤Ó À̸ÞÀÏ: webmaster@druginfo.co.kr
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