Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Vitamin B12 is used in the body in two forms: Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin. The enzyme methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells. L-Glutamine에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Supplemental L-glutamine's possible immunomodulatory role may be accounted for in a number of ways. L-glutamine appears to play a major role in protecting the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract and, in particular, the large intestine. During catabolic states, the integrity of the intestinal mucosa may be compromised with consequent increased intestinal permeability and translocation of Gram-negative bacteria from the large intestine into the body. The demand for L-glutamine by the intestine, as well as by cells such as lymphocytes, appears to be much greater than that supplied by skeletal muscle, the major storage tissue for L-glutamine. L-glutamine is the preferred respiratory fuel for enterocytes, colonocytes and lymphocytes. Therefore, supplying supplemental L-glutamine under these conditions may do a number of things. For one, it may reverse the catabolic state by sparing skeletal muscle L-glutamine. It also may inhibit translocation of Gram-negative bacteria from the large intestine. L-glutamine helps maintain secretory IgA, which functions primarily by preventing the attachment of bacteria to mucosal cells. L-glutamine appears to be required to support the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, as well as the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). It is also required for the maintenance of lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK). L-glutamine can enhance phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes. It can lead to an increased synthesis of glutathione in the intestine, which may also play a role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa by ameliorating oxidative stress. The exact mechanism of the possible immunomodulatory action of supplemental L-glutamine, however, remains unclear. It is conceivable that the major effect of L-glutamine occurs at the level of the intestine. Perhaps enteral L-glutamine acts directly on intestine-associated lymphoid tissue and stimulates overall immune function by that mechanism, without passing beyond the splanchnic bed.
Pharmacology
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is a water-soluble organometallic compound with a trivalent cobalt ion bound inside a corrin ring. It is needed for nerve cells and red blood cells, and to make DNA. Vitamin B12 deficiency is the cause of several forms of anemia. L-Glutamine에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Like other amino acids, glutamine is biochemically important as a constituent of proteins. Glutamine is also crucial in nitrogen metabolism. Ammonia (formed by nitrogen fixation) is assimilated into organic compounds by converting glutamic acid to glutamine. The enzyme which accomplishes this is called glutamine synthetase. Glutamine can then be used as a nitrogen donor in the biosynthesis of many compounds, including other amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines.
Metabolism
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase L-Glutamine에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Glutamine Synthetase
Protein Binding
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 단백결합 정보 Very high (to specific plasma proteins called transcobalamins); binding of hydroxocobalamin is slightly higher than cyanocobalamin.
Half-life
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 반감기 정보 Approximately 6 days (400 days in the liver).
Absorption
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Absorption 정보 Readily absorbed in the lower half of the ileum. L-Glutamine에 대한 Absorption 정보 Absorption is efficient and occurs by an active transport mechanism
Pharmacokinetics
Cyanocobalamin의 약물동력학자료
흡수 :
경구 투여시 소장 원위부로부터 불규칙적으로 흡수된다.
능동 흡수에는 IF와의 복합체 형성이 필수적이며, 장관벽을 통해 수동 흡수도 가능하다.
위, 회장에 구조적 손상이나 기능적 손상이 있는 경우 흡수가 감소한다.
분포 :
위에서 위점막에 의해 분비되는 당단백인 IF (intrinsic factor)에 결합한다.
장관 점막세포 내에서 vitamin B12-IF 복합체로부터 vitamin B12가 유리된 후, 혈액 내에서 주로 특이적인 β-globulin 수송단백질인 transcobalamin II와 결합한다.
간, 골수 및 태반을 포함한 기타 조직으로 분포하며, 주로 간 (50-90%)에 저장된다.
단백결합 : 주로 transcobalamin II와 결합하며, 소량은 transcobalamin I (α-glycoprotein의 일종) 및 transcobalamin III (inter-α-glycoprotein의 일종)과 결합한다.
대사 : 장간순환
소실 :
Vitamin B12를 투여받고 있지 않는 정상인 : 많은 양이 담즙 배설 후 장간순환한다.
Vitamin B12를 투여받는 경우 : 0.1-1 mg 근육주사 또는 정맥주사 후 48시간 이내에 50-90%가 신배설된다.
L-Glutamine의 약물동력학자료
분포 : 대부분이 골격근에서 합성되고 저장된다.
Biotransformation
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Biotransformation 정보 Hepatic L-Glutamine에 대한 Biotransformation 정보 Enterocytes, Hepatic
Toxicity
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Anaphylactic reaction (skin rash, itching, wheezing)-after parenteral administration. ORL-MUS LD50 > 8000 mg/kg L-Glutamine에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Doses of L-glutamine up to 21 grams daily appear to be well tolerated. Reported adverse reactions are mainly gastrointestinal and not common. They include constipation and bloating. There is one older report of two hypomanic patients whose manic symptoms were exacerbated following the use of 2 to 4 grams daily of L-glutamine. The symptoms resolved when the L-glutamine was stopped. These patients were not rechallenged, nor are there any other reports of this nature.
Drug Interactions
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available L-Glutamine에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Description 정보 Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. Cyanocobalamin's structure is based on a corrin ring, which, although similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll, and cytochrome, has two of the pyrrole rings directly bonded. The central metal ion is Co (cobalt). Cyanocobalamin cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of cyanocobalamin are bacteria and archaea. Higher plants do not concentrate cyanocobalamin from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products. [HMDB] L-Glutamine에 대한 Description 정보 A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [PubChem]
Dosage Form
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Capsule OralLiquid IntramuscularLiquid OralPowder OralSolution IntramuscularTablet OralTablet, extended release Oral L-Glutamine에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Not Available
Drug Category
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Antianemic AgentsEssential VitaminVitamins (Vitamin B Complex)
Smiles String Canonical
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 [Co+3].[C-] L-Glutamine에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 NC(CCC(N)=O)C(O)=O
Smiles String Isomeric
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 [Co+3].[C-] L-Glutamine에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C62H90N13O14P.CN.Co/c1-29-20-39-40(21-30(29)2)75(28-70-39)57-52(84)53(41(27-76)87-57)89-90(85,86)88-31(3)26-69-49(83)18-19-59(8)37(22-46(66)80)56-62(11)61(10,25-48(68)82)36(14-17-45(65)79)51(74-62)33(5)55-60(9,24-47(67)81)34(12-15-43(63)77)38(71-55)23-42-58(6,7)35(13-16-44(64)78)50(72-42)32(4)54(59)73-56;1-2;/h20-21,23,28,31,34-37,41,52-53,56-57,76,84H,12-19,22,24-27H2,1-11H3,(H15,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86);;/q;-1;+3/p-1/t31?,34-,35-,36-,37+,41+,52?,53?,56?,57+,59-,60+,61+,62+;;/m1../s1/fC62H89N13O14P.CN.Co/h69,85H,63-68H2;;/q-1;2m/b42-23-,54-32-,55-33-;; L-Glutamine에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C5H10N2O3/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H2,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1/f/h9H,7H2
Chemical IUPAC Name
Cyanocobalamin에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 Not Available L-Glutamine에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 (2S)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid
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