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      Pharmacokinetics 
      
       
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    Mechanism of Action 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸  Latanoprost is a prostaglandin F2a analogue. Specifically, Latanoprost is a prostanoid selective FP receptor agonist that is believed to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor. Studies in animals and man suggest that the main mechanism of action is increased uveoscleral outflow. Elevated IOP represents a major risk factor for glaucomatous field loss. The higher the level of IOP, the greater the likelihood of optic nerve damage and visual field loss.Timolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸  Like propranolol and nadolol, timolol competes with adrenergic neurotransmitters such as catecholamines for binding at beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle and beta(2)-receptors in the bronchial and vascular smooth muscle. Beta(1)-receptor blockade results in a decrease in resting and exercise heart rate and cardiac output, a decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and, possibly, a reduction in reflex orthostatic hypotension. Beta(2)-blockade results in an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. The exact mechanism whereby timolol reduces ocular pressure is still not known. The most likely action is by decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor. 
     
   
  
   
    Pharmacology 
     
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸  Latanoprost is an isopropyl ester prodrug which is inactive but which becomes active after hydrolysis to the acid from. Latanoprost opthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a prostaglandin analogue that works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes.Timolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸  Similar to propranolol and nadolol, timolol is a non-selective, beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Timolol does not have significant intrinsic sympathomimetic, direct myocardial depressant, or local anesthetic (membrane-stabilizing) activity, but does possess a relatively high degree of lipid solubility. Timolol, when applied topically to the eye, has the action of reducing elevated, as well as normal, intraocular pressure, whether or not accompanied by glaucoma. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous visual field loss and optic nerve damage. 
     
   
  
   
    Protein Binding 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸  Not AvailableTimolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸  ~10% 
     
   
  
   
    Half-life 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸  17 minutesTimolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸  2.5-5 hours 
     
   
  
   
    Absorption 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸  Latanoprost is well absorbed through the cornea where the isopropyl ester prodrug is hydrolyzed to the acid form. Peak concentration is reached 2 hrs after topical administration.Timolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸  Bioavailability is about 60% 
     
   
  
   
    Pharmacokinetics 
    
      Timolol maleateÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á  
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LatanoprostÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á  
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   ºÐÆ÷ ¿ëÀû : 0.16L/kg
   ´ë»ç : ÁÖ·Î °£¿¡¼ ´ë»çµÈ´Ù.
   ¹è¼³ : ½Å¹è¼³ 88~98%
   ¹è¼³ ¹Ý°¨±â : 17ºÐ
  
	 
	
     
   
  
   
    Biotransformation 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸  Primarily hepatic (none except hydrolysis in the eye). Latanoprost is an isopropyl ester prodrug. It is hydrolyzed by esterases in the cornea to latanoprost acid, which is biologically active. The portion of the latanoprost acid that reaches the systemic circulation is metabolized primarily by the liver to 1,2-dinor and 1,2,3,4-tetranor metabolites by fatty acid beta-oxidation.Timolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸  Primarily hepatic (80%) via the cytochrome P450 2D6 isoenzyme. 
     
   
  
   
    Toxicity 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸  Symptoms of overdose include bloodshot eyes and eye irritation.Timolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸  LD50 =1190 mg/kg (oral, mice), LD50 =900 mg/kg (oral, rat). Symptoms of overdose include drowsiness, vertigo, headache, and atriventricular block. 
     
   
  
   
    Drug Interactions 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸  Not AvailableTimolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸  Not Available 
     
   
  
   
    CYP450  Drug Interaction 
    
      [CYP450 TableÁ÷Á¢Á¶È¸] Timolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ P450 table SUBSTRATES  
CYP 2D6  
Beta Blockers:  
S-metoprolol 
propafenone 
**timolol**  
Antidepressants:  
amitriptyline 
clomipramine 
desipramine 
imipramine 
paroxetine 
Antipsychotics:  
haloperidol 
risperidone 
thioridazine 
aripiprazole 
codeine 
dextromethorphan 
duloxetine 
flecainide 
mexiletine 
ondansetron 
tamoxifen 
tramadol 
venlafaxine 
INHIBITORS  
CYP 2D6  
amiodarone 
buproprion 
chlorpheniramine 
cimetidine 
clomipramine 
duloxetine 
fluoxetine 
haloperidol 
methadone 
mibefradil 
paroxetine 
quinidine 
ritonavir 
INDUCERS  
CYP 2D6  
N/A 
 
     
   
  
   
    Drug Target 
    
      
      [Drug Target]  
     
   
  
   
    Description 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸  Latanoprost ophthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a prostaglandin analogue that works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes.It is also known by the brand name of Xalatan manufactured by Pfizer.Timolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸  A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine disorders and tremor. [PubChem] 
     
   
  
   
    Drug Category 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸  Antihypertensive AgentsNeuroprotective AgentsTimolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸  Adrenergic beta-AntagonistsAnti-Arrhythmia AgentsAntihypertensive Agents 
     
   
  
   
    Smiles String Canonical 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸  CC(C)OC(=O)CCCC=CCC1C(O)CC(O)C1CCC(O)CCC1=CC=CC=C1Timolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸  CC(C)(C)NCC(O)COC1=NSN=C1N1CCOCC1 
     
   
  
   
    Smiles String Isomeric 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸  CC(C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C\C[C@H]1[C@@H](O)C[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1CC[C@@H](O)CCC1=CC=CC=C1Timolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸  CC(C)(C)NC[C@H](O)COC1=NSN=C1N1CCOCC1 
     
   
  
   
    InChI Identifier 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸  InChI=1/C26H40O5/c1-19(2)31-26(30)13-9-4-3-8-12-22-23(25(29)18-24(22)28)17-16-21(27)15-14-20-10-6-5-7-11-20/h3,5-8,10-11,19,21-25,27-29H,4,9,12-18H2,1-2H3/b8-3+/t21-,22+,23+,24-,25+/m0/s1Timolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸  InChI=1/C13H24N4O3S/c1-13(2,3)14-8-10(18)9-20-12-11(15-21-16-12)17-4-6-19-7-5-17/h10,14,18H,4-9H2,1-3H3/t10-/m0/s1 
     
   
  
   
    Chemical IUPAC Name 
    
      Latanoprost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸  propan-2-yl (E)-7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentyl]cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoateTimolol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸  (2S)-1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(4-morpholin-4-yl-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)oxy]propan-2-ol 
     
   
  
   
    Drug-Induced Toxicity Related Proteins 
    
      MALEATE   ÀÇ Drug-Induced Toxicity Related ProteinÁ¤º¸Replated Protein  :Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 Drug  :maleate Toxicity  :hepatic injury. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â] TIMOLOL   ÀÇ Drug-Induced Toxicity Related ProteinÁ¤º¸Replated Protein  :CYP2D6Drug  :Timolol Toxicity  :Increased beta-blockade. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]  
     
   
    
 
    
     
  
    
       
      
        
          
            
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