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[A17250121]
[º¸ÇèÄڵ忡 µû¸¥ ¾àǰ±âº»Á¤º¸ Á÷Á¢Á¶È¸]
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| Related FDA Approved Drug |
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 FDA : Cµî±Þ
(ketoconazole topical, oral )
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»ó±â ÀÓºÎÅõ¿©¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â Àü»êó¸® µÇ¸é¼ ÀÔ·Â ¿À·ù °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿À·ù °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¸¹Àº ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ïÀ̰í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ±× Á¤È®¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© È®½ÅÀ» µå¸± ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ȸ»ç´Â Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ÁöÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.
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| Mechanism of Action |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Ketoconazole interacts with 14-¥á demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary for the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. This results in inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and increased fungal cellular permeability. Other mechanisms may involve the inhibition of endogenous respiration, interaction with membrane phospholipids, inhibition of yeast transformation to mycelial forms, inhibition of purine uptake, and impairment of triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis. Ketoconazole can also inhibit the synthesis of thromboxane and sterols such as aldosterone, cortisol, and testosterone.
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| Pharmacology |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Ketoconazole, like clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, and miconazole, is an imidazole antifungal agent.
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| Metabolism |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)
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| Protein Binding |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸ 99% (in vitro, plasma protein binding)
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| Half-life |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 2 hours
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| Absorption |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Moderate
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| Pharmacokinetics |
KetoconazoleÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
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| Biotransformation |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Hepatic
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| Toxicity |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Hepatotoxicity, LD50=86 mg/kg (orally in rat)
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| Drug Interactions |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Alfentanil The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of alfentanilAlprazolam The imidazole increases the effect of the benzodiazepineAmitriptyline The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of the tricyclicAnisindione The imidazole increases the effect of the anticoagulantAripiprazole The imidazole increases the effect of aripiprazoleBosentan The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of bosentanBudesonide The imidazole increases levels/effect of budesonideCarbamazepine The imidazole increases the effect of carbamazepineChlordiazepoxide The imidazole increases the effect of the benzodiazepineCilostazol The imidazole increases the effect of cilostazolCinacalcet The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of cinacalcetClonazepam The imidazole increases the effect of the benzodiazepineClorazepate The imidazole increases the effect of the benzodiazepineCyclosporine The imidazole increases the effect of immunosuppressantDiazepam The imidazole increases the effect of the benzodiazepineDicumarol The imidazole increases the effect of the anticoagulantAcenocoumarol The imidazole increases the effect of the anticoagulantWarfarin The imidazole increases the effect of the anticoagulantEplerenone The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of eplerenoneEstazolam The imidazole increases the effect of the benzodiazepineEverolimus The imidazole increases everolimus levels/toxicityFentanyl The imidazole increases levels/toxicity of fentanylFlurazepam The imidazole increases the effect of the benzodiazepineHalazepam The imidazole increases the effect of the benzodiazepineHaloperidol The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of haloperidolImatinib The imidazole increases the levels of imatinibImipramine The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of the tricyclicMethylprednisolone The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of the corticosteroidMidazolam The imidazole increases the effect of the benzodiazepineNortriptyline The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of the tricyclicPrednisolone The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of the corticosteroidPrednisone The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of the corticosteroidQuazepam The imidazole increases the effect of the benzodiazepineQuinidine The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of quinidineQuinidine barbiturate The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of quinidineRamelteon The imidazole increases the levels/toxicity of ramelteonRitonavir The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of ritonavirSaquinavir The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of saquinavirSildenafil The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of sildenafilSirolimus The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of sirolimusTacrolimus The imidazole increases the effect of immunosuppressantTadalafil The imidazole increases tadalafil levelsTolterodine The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of tolterodineTriazolam The imidazole increases the effect of the benzodiazepineValdecoxib The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of valdecoxibVardenafil The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of vardenafilVinblastine The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of vinblastineVincristine The imidazole increases the effect and toxicity of the antineoplasicZiprasidone Ketoconazole increases the effect and toxicity of ziprasidoneTolbutamide Ketoconazole increases the effect and toxicity of tolbutamideSibutramine Ketoconazole increases the levels and toxicity of sibutramineRosiglitazone Ketoconazole increases the effect of rosiglitazoneQuetiapine Ketoconazole increases the effect/toxicity of quetiapinePioglitazone Ketoconazole increases the effect of pioglitazoneGalantamine Ketoconazole increases the effect and toxicity of galantamineIndinavir Ketoconazole increases the effect of indinavirIrinotecan Ketoconazole increases the effect and toxicity of irinotecanTrazodone This strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increases the effect and toxicity of trazodoneSunitinib Possible increase in sunitinib levelsSucralfate Sucralfate decreases the absorption of the imidazoleSolifenacin This potent CYP3A4 inhibitor slows darifenacin/solifenacin metabolismAlfuzosin The antifungal increases the effect of alfuzosinAlmotriptan This potent CYP3A4 inhibitor increases the effect and toxicity of the triptanAprepitant This CYP3A4 inhibitor increases the effect and toxicity of aprepitantCiclesonide Increased effects/toxicity of ciclesonideDarifenacin This potent CYP3A4 inhibitor slows darifenacin/solifenacin metabolismDocetaxel The agent increases the serum levels and toxicity of docetaxelDofetilide This strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increases the effect and toxicity of dofetilideEletriptan This potent CYP3A4 inhibitor increases the effect and toxicity of the triptanErlotinib This CYP3A4 inhibitor increases levels/toxicity of erlotinibGefitinib This CYP3A4 inhibitor increases levels/toxicity of gefitinibIsoniazid Isoniazid decreases the effect of ketoconazoleNevirapine Nevirapine decreases the effect of ketoconazoleRifampin Rifampin dereases the effect of the imidazoleRanolazine Increased levels of ranolazine - risk of toxicityTerfenadine Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmiasPimozide Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmiasCisapride Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmiasAstemizole Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmiasAtorvastatin Increased risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysisCerivastatin Increased risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysisLovastatin Increased risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysisSimvastatin Increased risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysisAluminium The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleBismuth The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleMagnesium The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleMagnesium oxide The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleCalcium The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleBuspirone The macrolide increases the effect and toxicity of buspironeCimetidine The anti-H2 decreases the absorption of the imidazoleFamotidine The anti-H2 decreases the absorption of the imidazoleNizatidine The anti-H2 decreases the absorption of the imidazoleRanitidine The anti-H2 decreases the absorption of the imidazoleDihydroergotamine Possible ergotism and sever ischemia with this combinationErgotamine Possible ergotism and sever ischemia with this combinationEsomeprazole The proton pump inhibitor decreases the absorption of imidazoleLansoprazole The proton pump inhibitor decreases the absorption of imidazoleOmeprazole The proton pump inhibitor decreases the absorption of imidazolePantoprazole The proton pump inhibitor decreases the absorption of imidazoleRabeprazole The proton pump inhibitor decreases the absorption of imidazoleEthinyl Estradiol This anti-infectious agent could decrease the effect of the oral contraceptiveMestranol This anti-infectious agent could decrease the effect of the oral contraceptive
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CYP450 Drug Interaction |
[CYP450 TableÁ÷Á¢Á¶È¸] Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ P450 table
SUBSTRATES
CYP 2C19
Proton Pump Inhibitors:
omeprazole
lansoprazole
pantoprazole
rabeprazole
Anti-epileptics:
diazepam
phenytoin
phenobarbitone
amitriptyline
clomipramine
clopidogrel
cyclophosphamide
progesterone
INHIBITORS
CYP 2C19
fluoxetine
fluvoxamine
**ketoconazole**
lansoprazole
omeprazole
ticlopidine
INDUCERS
CYP 2C19
N/A
SUBSTRATES
CYP 3A4/3A5/3A7
Macrolide antibiotics:
clarithromycin
erythromycin
NOT azithromycin
telithromycin
Anti-arrhythmics:
quinidine
Benzodiazepines:
alprazolam
diazepam
midazolam
triazolam
Immune Modulators:
cyclosporine
tacrolimus (FK506)
HIV Protease Inhibitors:
indinavir
ritonavir
saquinavir
Prokinetic:
cisapride
Antihistamines:
astemizole
chlorpheniramine
Calcium Channel Blockers:
amlodipine
diltiazem
felodipine
nifedipine
nisoldipine
nitrendipine
verapamil
HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors:
atorvastatin
cerivastatin
lovastatin
NOT pravastatin
simvastatin
aripiprazole
buspirone
gleevec
haloperidol (in part)
methadone
pimozide
quinine
NOT rosuvastatin
sildenafil
tamoxifen
trazodone
vincristine
INHIBITORS
CYP 3A4/3A5/3A7
HIV Protease Inhibitors:
indinavir
nelfinavir
ritonavir
amiodarone
NOT azithromycin
cimetidine
clarithromycin
diltiazem
erythromycin
fluvoxamine
grapefruit juice
itraconazole
**ketoconazole**
mibefradil
nefazodone
troleandomycin
verapamil
INDUCERS
CYP 3A4/3A5/3A7
carbamazepine
phenobarbital
phenytoin
rifabutin
rifampin
St. John's wort
troglitazone
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| Food Interaction |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Food Interaction Á¤º¸ Avoid alcohol.Avoid milk, calcium containing dairy products, iron, antacids, or aluminum salts 2 hours before or 6 hours after using antacids while on this medication.Take with food.
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| Drug Target |
[Drug Target]
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| Description |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [PubChem]
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| Drug Category |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Antifungal AgentsAntifungals
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| Smiles String Canonical |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ CC(=O)N1CCN(CC1)C1=CC=C(OCC2COC(CN3C=CN=C3)(O2)C2=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=C2)C=C1
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| Smiles String Isomeric |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ CC(=O)N1CCN(CC1)C1=CC=C(OC[C@@H]2CO[C@](CN3C=CN=C3)(O2)C2=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=C2)C=C1
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| InChI Identifier |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C26H28Cl2N4O4/c1-19(33)31-10-12-32(13-11-31)21-3-5-22(6-4-21)34-15-23-16-35-26(36-23,17-30-9-8-29-18-30)24-7-2-20(27)14-25(24)28/h2-9,14,18,23H,10-13,15-17H2,1H3/t23-,26-/m1/s1
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| Chemical IUPAC Name |
Ketoconazole¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ 1-[4-[4-[[(2S,4R)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]ethanone
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The database contains the following fields: The generic name of each chemical For module A10 (liver enzyme composite module): Overall activity category for each compound (A for active, M for marginally active, or I for inactive) based on the number of active and marginally active scores for each compound at the five individual endpoints (see research article for full description of method) Number of endpoints at which each compound is marginally active (M) Number of endpoints at which each compound is active (A) For modules A11 to A15 (alkaline phosphatase increased, SGOT increased, SGPT increased, LDH increased, and GGT increased, respectively): Overall activity category for each compound (A for active, M for marginally active, or I for inactive) based on the RI and ADR values (see the research article for full description of method) Number of ADR reports for each compound, given as <4 or ¡Ã4 Reporting Index value for each compound, except where no shipping units were available (NSU) Group 1 comprises of compounds for which ADR data were available for the first five years of marketing, so when no ADR reports were listed during this period the compounds were evaluated as inactive. Group 2 comprises of compounds for which a 'steady state' period of ADR data were available (1992-1996). In cases where no ADR reports were filed during this period, the compounds were scored as 'NA' (data not available) since they may have had one or more ADR reports during their first five years of marketing which should not be negated by a lack of ADR reports during the steady-state period. KETOCONAZOLE[GGT Increase][Composite Activity](Score) A(Marginal) 0(Active) 3[Alkaline Phosphatase Increase](Activity Score) A(Number of Rpts) ¡Ã4(Index value) 5.4[SGOT Increase](Activity Score) A(Number of Rpts) ¡Ã4(Index value) 14.7[SGPT Increase](Activity Score) A(Number of Rpts) ¡Ã4(Index value) 10.7[LDH Increase](Activity Score) I(Number of Rpts) <4(Index value) 2.7[GGT Increase](Activity Score) I(Number of Rpts) <4(Index value) 0
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