Biotin에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Biotin is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes that transport carboxyl units and fix carbon dioxide, and is required for various metabolic functions, including gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, propionate metabolism, and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. Calcium에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. More than 500 human proteins are known to bind or transport calcium. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Parathyroid hormone (secreted from the parathyroid gland) regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone. Calcitonin stimulates incorporation of calcium in bone, although this process is largely independent of calcitonin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast. The currently recommended calcium intake is 1,500 milligrams per day for women not taking estrogen and 800 milligrams per day for women on estrogen. There is close to 300 milligrams of calcium in one cup of fluid milk. Calcium carbonate is currently the best and least expensive form of calcium supplement available. L-cysteine에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Although classified as a non-essential amino acid cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine can usually be synthesized by the human body under normal physiological conditions if a sufficient quantity of methionine is available. Due to the ability of thiols to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine's antioxidant properties are typically expressed in the tripeptide glutathione, which occurs in humans as well as other organisms. The systemic availability of oral glutathione (GSH) is negligible; so it must be biosynthesized from its constituent amino acids, cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid. Glutamic acid and glycine are readily available in the diets of most industrialized countries, but the availability of cysteine can be the limiting substrate. Cysteine is also an important source of sulfide in human metabolism. The sulfide in iron-sulfur clusters and in nitrogenase is extracted from cysteine, which is converted to alanine in the process. In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, cysteine is one of the 599 additives to cigarettes. Its use or purpose, however, is unknown, like most cigarette additives. Its inclusion in cigarettes could offer two benefits: Acting as an expectorant, since smoking increases mucus production in the lungs; and increasing the beneficial antioxidant glutathione (which is diminished in smokers). Pyridoxine에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Vitamin B6 is the collective term for a group of three related compounds, pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL) and pyridoxamine (PM), and their phosphorylated derivatives, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP), pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP). Although all six of these compounds should technically be referred to as vitamin B6, the term vitamin B6 is commonly used interchangeably with just one of them, pyridoxine. Vitamin B6, principally in the form of the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, is involved in a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen, the synthesis of nucleic acids, hemogloblin, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids, and the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Riboflavin에 대한 Mechanism_Of_Action 정보 Binds to riboflavin hydrogenase, riboflavin kinase, and riboflavin synthase. Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN, riboflavin monophosphate) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The antioxidant activity of riboflavin is principally derived from its role as a precursor of FAD and the role of this cofactor in the production of the antioxidant reduced glutathione. Reduced glutathione is the cofactor of the selenium-containing glutathione peroxidases among other things. The glutathione peroxidases are major antioxidant enzymes. Reduced glutathione is generated by the FAD-containing enzyme glutathione reductase.
Pharmacology
Biotin에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is composed of an ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring. Biotin is used in cell growth, the production of fatty acids, metabolism of fats, and amino acids. It plays a role in the Kreb cycle, which is the process in which energy is released from food. Biotin not only assists in various metabolic chemical conversions, but also helps with the transfer of carbon dioxide. Biotin is also helpful in maintaining a steady blood sugar level. Biotin is often recommended for strengthening hair and nails. Consequenty, it is found in many cosmetic and health products for the hair and skin. Biotin deficiency is a rare nutritional disorder caused by a deficiency of biotin. Initial symptoms of biotin deficiency include: Dry skin, Seborrheic dermatitis, Fungal infections, rashes including erythematous periorofacial macular rash, fine and brittle hair, and hair loss or total alopecia. If left untreated, neurological symptoms can develop, including mild depression, which may progress to profound lassitude and, eventually, to somnolence; changes in mental status, generalized muscular pains (myalgias), hyperesthesias and paresthesias. The treatment for biotin deficiency is to simply start taking some biotin supplements. A lack of biotin in infants will lead to a condition called seborrheic dermatitis or "cradle cap". Biotin deficiencies are extremely rare in adults but if it does occur, it will lead to anemia, depression, hair loss, high blood sugar levels, muscle pain, nausea, loss of appetite and inflamed mucous membranes. L-cysteine에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine may at some point be recognized as an essential or conditionally essential amino acid. Pyridoxine에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin used in the prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in those receiving isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH). Vitamin B6 has been found to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a small group of subjects with essential hypertension. Hypertension is another risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Another study showed pyridoxine hydrochloride to inhibit ADP- or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation and to lower total cholesterol levels and increase HDL-cholesterol levels, again in a small group of subjects. Vitamin B6, in the form of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, was found to protect vascular endothelial cells in culture from injury by activated platelets. Endothelial injury and dysfunction are critical initiating events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human studies have demonstrated that vitamin B6 deficiency affects cellular and humoral responses of the immune system. Vitamin B6 deficiency results in altered lymphocyte differentiation and maturation, reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, impaired antibody production, decreased lymphocyte proliferation and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production, among other immunologic activities. Riboflavin에 대한 Pharmacology 정보 Riboflavin or vitamin B2 is an easily absorbed, water-soluble micronutrient with a key role in maintaining human health. Like the other B vitamins, it supports energy production by aiding in the metabolising of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Vitamin B2 is also required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and for regulating human growth and reproduction. It is essential for healthy skin, nails, hair growth and general good health, including regulating thyroid activity. Riboflavin also helps in the prevention or treatment of many types of eye disorders, including some cases of cataracts.
Metabolism
L-cysteine에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Not Available Pyridoxine에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Riboflavin에 대한 Metabolism 정보 # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A)Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
Protein Binding
Pyridoxine에 대한 단백결합 정보 22% Riboflavin에 대한 단백결합 정보 60%
Half-life
Pyridoxine에 대한 반감기 정보 15-20 days Riboflavin에 대한 반감기 정보 66-84 minutes
Absorption
Biotin에 대한 Absorption 정보 Systemic - approximately 50% Pyridoxine에 대한 Absorption 정보 The B vitamins are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, except in malabsorption syndromes. Pyridoxine is absorbed mainly in the jejunum. Riboflavin에 대한 Absorption 정보 Vitamin B2 is readily absorbed from the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Pharmacokinetics
Calcium pantothenate의 약물동력학자료
흡수 : 경구 : 잘 흡수된다.
소실 : 약 70%는 미변화체로 소변을 통해, 약 30%는 대변을 통해 배설된다.
Ascorbic Acid의 약물동력학자료
흡수 :
소장에서 거의 완전히 흡수된다.
흡수는 능동수송을 통해 이루어지며 용량의존적이라 여겨진다. (고용량에서 흡수 포화)
분포 : 널리 분포
단백결합 : 약 25%
대사 : 간에서 산화 및 황산 포합 등으로 대사된다.
반감기 : 16일
고용량 투여시 : 3.4 시간
혈중최고농도 도달시간 : 정상 성인 : 2-3 시간
소실 :
주 배설 경로는 신장 및 담즙이다.
신배설은 용량의존적으로, 투여량이 증가하면 신배설량 및 속도가 증가한다.
Biotin의 약물동력학자료
흡수 : 위장관에서 신속히 흡수됨
단백결합 : 높음, avidin에 결합하면 불활성화됨
분포 : 유즙분비됨
배설 : 과도하게 투여된 경우 biotin 자체 또는 대사체로 뇨배설됨
Riboflavin tetrabutyrate의 약물동력학자료
흡수 :
위장관으로부터 잘 흡수된다.
음식물에 의해 흡수양이 증가한다.
간염, 간경화, 담관폐색이 있는 환자에서 흡수가 감소한다.
분포 : 체내 모든 조직에 널리 분포한다.
반감기 :
초기 상 : 1.4 시간
말기 상 : 14시간
소실 : 미변화체로 신배설되는 양은 약 9%이다.
Nicotinamide의 약물동력학자료
작용발현시간 : pellagra : 24시간
흡수 : 위장관으로부터 신속하게 흡수된다.
분포 :
모든 조직으로 신속하게 분포한다.
태아 및 신생아에서의 농도가 모체의 농도보다 높다.
대사 : 간대사
Nicotinamide는 생체 내에서 niacin의 대사로부터 형성될 수 있다.
Dietrich pathway를 통해 효소적으로 NAD 및 NADP로 전환된다.
반감기 : 45분
혈중최고농도 도달시간 : 20-70분
소실 : 용량의존적으로 미변화체 및 대사체로서 신배설된다. (생리적 용량에서는 소량만이 미변화체로 신배설되나 고용량 투여시 주로 미변화체로 신배설된다.)
Biotin에 대한 Biotransformation 정보 Not Available L-cysteine에 대한 Biotransformation 정보 Not Available Riboflavin에 대한 Biotransformation 정보 Hepatic.
Toxicity
Biotin에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Prolonged skin contact may cause irritation. L-cysteine에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Not Available Pyridoxine에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Oral Rat LD50 = 4 gm/kg. Toxic effects include convulsions, dyspnea, hypermotility, diarrhea, ataxia and muscle weakness. Riboflavin에 대한 Toxicity 정보 Not Available
Drug Interactions
Biotin에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available Calcium에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Alendronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesAmprenavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirAtazanavir This gastric pH modifier decreases the levels/effects of atazanavirChloroquine The antiacid decreases the absorption of chloroquineCiprofloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesDapsone Formation of non-absorbable complexesDelavirdine The antiacid decreases the effect of delavirdineDemeclocycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesDoxycycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesEnoxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesFosamprenavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of amprenavirGrepafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesIbandronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesIndinavir The antiacid decreases the absorption of indinavirItraconazole The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleKetoconazole The antacid decreases the effect of the imidazoleLevofloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesLevothyroxine Calcium decreases absorption of levothyroxineLomefloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesMethacycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesMinocycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesMoxifloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesNorfloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesOfloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesOxytetracycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesPefloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesPolystyrene sulfonate Formation of non-absorbable complexesRisedronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesTetracycline Formation of non-absorbable complexesTrovafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexesClodronate Formation of non-absorbable complexesEtidronic acid Formation of non-absorbable complexesMycophenolate mofetil Formation of non-absorbable complexesTemafloxacin Formation of non-absorbable complexes L-cysteine에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available Pyridoxine에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available Riboflavin에 대한 Drug_Interactions 정보 Not Available
Biotin에 대한 Description 정보 A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. [PubChem] Calcium에 대한 Description 정보 Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast. L-cysteine에 대한 Description 정보 A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [PubChem] Nicotinamide에 대한 Description 정보 An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [PubChem] Pyridoxine에 대한 Description 정보 The 4-methanol form of vitamin B 6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). [PubChem] Riboflavin에 대한 Description 정보 Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide. [PubChem]
Dosage Form
Biotin에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Powder, for solution OralTablet Oral Calcium에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Capsule OralLiquid DentalLiquid IntravenousLiquid OralLiquid SublingualPaste DentalPowder OralPowder, for solution OralSolution IntramuscularSolution IntravenousSolution OralSolution / drops OralSyrup OralTablet OralTablet, chewable Oral L-cysteine에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Not Available Pyridoxine에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Liquid IntramuscularSolution IntramuscularSolution / drops OralTablet Oral Riboflavin에 대한 Dosage_Form 정보 Not Available
Drug Category
Biotin에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Dietary supplementMicronutrientVitamin B ComplexVitamins (Vitamin B Complex) L-cysteine에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Dietary supplementNutritional Supplement Nicotinamide에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Vitamin B Complex Pyridoxine에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Anti-inflammatory AgentsEssential VitaminVitamin B ComplexVitamins (Vitamin B Complex) Riboflavin에 대한 Drug_Category 정보 Photosensitizing AgentsRadiation-Sensitizing AgentsVitamin B ComplexVitamins (Vitamin B Complex)
Smiles String Canonical
Biotin에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 OC(=O)CCCCC1SCC2NC(=O)NC12 Calcium에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 Not Available L-cysteine에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 NC(CS)C(O)=O Nicotinamide에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 Pyridoxine에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O Riboflavin에 대한 Smiles_String_canonical 정보 CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(CC(O)C(O)C(O)CO)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2
Smiles String Isomeric
Biotin에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 OC(=O)CCCC[C@@H]1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N[C@H]12 Calcium에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 Not Available L-cysteine에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=O Nicotinamide에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 Pyridoxine에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O Riboflavin에 대한 Smiles_String_isomeric 정보 CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CO)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2
InChI Identifier
Biotin에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C10H16N2O3S/c13-8(14)4-2-1-3-7-9-6(5-16-7)11-10(15)12-9/h6-7,9H,1-5H2,(H,13,14)(H2,11,12,15)/t6-,7-,9-/m0/s1/f/h11-13H Calcium에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 Not Available L-cysteine에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1/f/h5H Nicotinamide에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C6H6N2O/c7-6(9)5-2-1-3-8-4-5/h1-4H,(H2,7,9)/f/h7H2 Pyridoxine에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C8H11NO3/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3 Riboflavin에 대한 InChI_Identifier 정보 InChI=1/C17H20N4O6/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(5-11(23)14(25)12(24)6-22)15-13(18-9)16(26)20-17(27)19-15/h3-4,11-12,14,22-25H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,20,26,27)/t11-,12+,14-/m1/s1/f/h20H
Chemical IUPAC Name
Biotin에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 5-[(3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl]pentanoic acid Calcium에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 Not Available L-cysteine에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 (2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid Nicotinamide에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 pyridine-3-carboxamide Pyridoxine에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol Riboflavin에 대한 Chemical_IUPAC_Name 정보 7,8-dimethyl-10-[(2R,3R,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
사용자컨텐츠
항목
내용
최근정보수정일 2024-03-03
본 수정일 정보는 허가정보 이외의 기타정보 수정일을 의미하므로, 허가정보수정일은 본문에 표기된 날짜를 참조하시기 바랍니다.
알림
상세정보는 식품의약품안전처의 제품허가사항을 토대로 작성되었으며 요약정보는 상세정보 및 기타문헌을 기반으로 드럭인포에서 편집한 내용입니다. 제품허가사항의 목차와 다소 상이할 수 있습니다.
경고
드럭인포 의약학술정보는 식품의약품안전처의 제품허가사항, 학술문헌, 제약회사 제공정보 등을 근거로 작성된 참고 정보입니다.
정보의 정확성을 위해 노력하고 있으나 편집상의 오류, 허가사항 변경, 추가적인 학술연구 또는 임상연구 발표 등으로 인해 발생하는 문제에 대해 드럭인포는
책임을 지지 않습니다. 자세한 내용은 “책임의 한계 및 법적고지”를 참조해 주십시오.
반드시 제조·수입사, 판매사, 의사, 약사에게 최종적으로 확인하시기 바랍니다.
전화: 02-3486-1061 ㅣ 이메일: webmaster@druginfo.co.kr
전문/일반
