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[Á¶È¸]
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| Related FDA Approved Drug |
±âÁØ ¼ººÐ: PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDEBENDECTIN (DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE)
BEROCCA PN (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A PALMITATE; VITAMIN E)
HEXA-BETALIN (PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE)
INFUVITE ADULT (ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE; ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CHOLECALCIFEROL; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A PALMITATE; VITAMIN K)
M.V.C. 9+3 (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E)
M.V.I. ADULT (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E; VITAMIN K)
M.V.I. ADULT (PHARMACY BULK PACKAGE) (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E; VITAMIN K)
M.V.I. PEDIATRIC (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PHYTONADIONE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E)
M.V.I.-12 (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E)
M.V.I.-12 (WITHOUT VITAMIN K) (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E)
MVC PLUS (ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E)
PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE (PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE)
TPN (NIACINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; TYROSINE)
±âÁØ ¼ººÐ: DIMENHYDRINATEDIMENHYDRINATE (DIMENHYDRINATE)
±âÁØ ¼ººÐ: CAFFEINE ANHYDROUS
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(dimenhydrinate; )
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»ó±â ÀÓºÎÅõ¿©¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â Àü»êó¸® µÇ¸é¼ ÀÔ·Â ¿À·ù °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿À·ù °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¸¹Àº ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ïÀ̰í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ±× Á¤È®¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© È®½ÅÀ» µå¸± ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ȸ»ç´Â Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ÁöÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.
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À¯·áÁ¤º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
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°í½ÃµÈ º´¿ë±Ý±â ³»¿ëÀº ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù.
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Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â
Ãâó: ±¹¸³µ¶¼º°úÇпø µ¶¼º¹°ÁúÁ¤º¸DB : http://www.nitr.go.kr/nitr/contents/m134200/view.do |
| Mechanism of Action |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Caffeine stimulates medullary, vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers, promoting bradycardia, vasoconstriction, and increased respiratory rate. This action was previously believed to be due primarily to increased intracellular cyclic 3¡Ç,5¡Ç-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) following inhibition of phosphodiesterase, the enzyme that degrades cyclic AMP. It is now thought that xanthines such as caffeine act as agonists at adenosine-receptors within the plasma membrane of virtually every cell. As adenosine acts as an autocoid, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic sites but augmenting the actions of norepinephrine or angiotensin, antagonism of adenosine receptors promotes neurotransmitter release. This explains the stimulatory effects of caffeine. Blockade of the adenosine A1 receptor in the heart leads to the accelerated, pronounced "pounding" of the heart upon caffeine intake.
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ The mechanism by which some antihistamines exert their antiemetic, anti–motion sickness, and antivertigo effects is not precisely known but may be related to their central anticholinergic actions. They diminish vestibular stimulation and depress labyrinthine function. An action on the medullary chemoreceptive trigger zone may also be involved in the antiemetic effect.
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Vitamin B6 is the collective term for a group of three related compounds, pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL) and pyridoxamine (PM), and their phosphorylated derivatives, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP), pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP). Although all six of these compounds should technically be referred to as vitamin B6, the term vitamin B6 is commonly used interchangeably with just one of them, pyridoxine. Vitamin B6, principally in the form of the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, is involved in a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen, the synthesis of nucleic acids, hemogloblin, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids, and the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
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| Pharmacology |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Caffeine, a naturally occurring xanthine derivative like theobromine and the bronchodilator theophylline, is used as a CNS stimulant, mild diuretic, and respiratory stimulant (in neonates with apnea of prematurity). Often combined with analgesics or with ergot alkaloids, caffeine is used to treat migraine and other headache types. Over the counter, caffeine is available to treat drowsiness or mild water-weight gain.
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Dimenhydrinate is an antiemetics drug combination that contains diphenhydramine and theophylline. It is not effective in the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy. Dimenhydrinate directly inhibits the stimulation of certain nerves in the brain and inner ear to suppress nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and vertigo.
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin used in the prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in those receiving isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH). Vitamin B6 has been found to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a small group of subjects with essential hypertension. Hypertension is another risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Another study showed pyridoxine hydrochloride to inhibit ADP- or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation and to lower total cholesterol levels and increase HDL-cholesterol levels, again in a small group of subjects. Vitamin B6, in the form of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, was found to protect vascular endothelial cells in culture from injury by activated platelets. Endothelial injury and dysfunction are critical initiating events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human studies have demonstrated that vitamin B6 deficiency affects cellular and humoral responses of the immune system. Vitamin B6 deficiency results in altered lymphocyte differentiation and maturation, reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, impaired antibody production, decreased lymphocyte proliferation and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production, among other immunologic activities.
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| Metabolism |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
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| Protein Binding |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸ Low (25 to 36%).
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸ 98 to 99%.
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ Á¤º¸ 22%
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| Half-life |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 3 to 7 hours in adults, 65 to 130 hours in neonates
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 1 to 4 hours
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 15-20 days
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| Absorption |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Readily absorbed after oral or parenteral administration. The peak plasma level for caffeine range from 6-10mg/L and the mean time to reach peak concentration ranged from 30 minutes to 2 hours.
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Well absorbed after oral administration.
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ The B vitamins are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, except in malabsorption syndromes. Pyridoxine is absorbed mainly in the jejunum.
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| Pharmacokinetics |
Pyridoxine HClÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Èí¼ö : À§Àå°üÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Àß Èí¼öµÈ´Ù.
- ´ë»ç : °£¿¡¼ 4-pyridoxic acid·Î ´ë»çµÈ´Ù.
- ¹Ý°¨±â : 15-20ÀÏ
- Ç÷ÁßÃÖ°í³óµµ µµ´Þ½Ã°£ : °æ±¸ : 1.25 ½Ã°£
- ¼Ò½Ç : 4-pyridoxic acid·Î ½Å¹è¼³µÇ¸ç, ¼Ò·® (¾à 2%)Àº ´ãÁóÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹è¼³µÈ´Ù.
DimenhydrinateÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- ÀÛ¿ë¹ßÇö½Ã°£ : °æ±¸ 15-30ºÐ À̳»
- Èí¼ö : À§Àå°üÀ¸·Î Èí¼ö ÀßµÊ
- ºÐÆ÷ : ¼Ò·®ÀÌ À¯ÁóÀ¸·Î ºÐºñ
- ´ë»ç : °£´ë»ç
Caffeine anhydrousÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- Èí¼ö : °æ±¸ : ½Å¼ÓÇϰÔ, ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Èí¼öµÊ (99%)
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- ºÐÆ÷¿ëÀû :
- ½Å»ý¾Æ : 0.92 L/kg
- ¼ºÀÎ : 0.58 L/kg
- ´Ü¹é°áÇÕ : 15-35%
- ´ë»ç : ¼ºÀÎ : °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ °£¿¡¼ ´ë»çµÇ¸ç, Å»¸ÞƿȵǾî paraxanthine (72%), theobromine (20%), theophylline (8%)À¸·Î ´ë»çµÊ
- ¹Ý°¨±â :
- ¹Ì¼÷¾Æ : 65-103 ½Ã°£
- ¿Ï¼÷¾Æ : 82½Ã°£
- 3-4°³¿ù ¿µ¾Æ : 14.4 ½Ã°£
- 5-6°³¿ù ¿µ¾Æ : 2.6 ½Ã°£
- ¼ºÀÎ : 3-7.5 ½Ã°£ (Æò±Õ 4.9 ½Ã°£)
- ÀӽźΠ: 18½Ã°£±îÁö
- Ç÷ÁßÃÖ°í³óµµ µµ´Þ½Ã°£ : 15-45ºÐ
- ¼Ò½Ç :
- ¼ºÀÎ : ¹Ìº¯Èü·Î ½Å¹è¼³µÇ´Â ¾çÀº 0.5-3.5%
- ½Å»ý¾Æ : °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ ¹Ìº¯Èü·Î ½Å¹è¼³µÊ
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| Biotransformation |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Hepatic cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP 1A2) is involved in caffeine biotransformation. About 80% of a dose of caffeine is metabolized to paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine), 10% to theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), and 4% to theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine).
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Hepatic (cytochrome P-450 system).
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| Toxicity |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ LD50=127 mg/kg (orally in mice)
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Symptoms of overdose include delerium and hallucinations.
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Oral Rat LD50 = 4 gm/kg. Toxic effects include convulsions, dyspnea, hypermotility, diarrhea, ataxia and muscle weakness.
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| Drug Interactions |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Not Available
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Donepezil Possible antagonism of actionGalantamine Possible antagonism of actionRivastigmine Possible antagonism of action
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Not Available
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CYP450 Drug Interaction |
[CYP450 TableÁ÷Á¢Á¶È¸]
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| Food Interaction |
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Food Interaction Á¤º¸ Avoid alcohol.Take with food.
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| Drug Target |
[Drug Target]
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| SNP Á¤º¸ |
Name:Caffeine (DB00201)
Interacting Gene/Enzyme:Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Gene symbol = CYP1A2) Swissprot P05177
SNP(s):rs762551 (C allele)
Effect:Myocardial infarction
Reference(s):Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Kabagambe EK, Campos H: Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2006 Mar 8;295(10):1135-41. [PubMed]
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| Description |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine&
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine, Gravol and Vertirosan) is an over-the-counter drug used to prevent motion sickness. It is closely related to diphenhydramine HCl, or Benadryl. It is primarily a H1-antagonist, but also possesses an antimuscarinic effect.
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ The 4-methanol form of vitamin B 6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). [PubChem]
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| Drug Category |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Anorexigenic AgentsCentral Nervous System StimulantsPhosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ AntiemeticsHistamine H1 Antagonists
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Anti-inflammatory AgentsEssential VitaminVitamin B ComplexVitamins (Vitamin B Complex)
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| Smiles String Canonical |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)N2C
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ CN1C(=O)N(C)C2=NC(Cl)=NC2=C1[O-].C[NH+](C)CCOC(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O
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| Smiles String Isomeric |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)N2C
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ CN1C(=O)N(C)C2=NC(Cl)=NC2=C1[O-].C[NH+](C)CCOC(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O
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| InChI Identifier |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C8H10N4O2/c1-10-4-9-6-5(10)7(13)12(3)8(14)11(6)2/h4H,1-3H3
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C17H21NO.C7H7ClN4O2/c1-18(2)13-14-19-17(15-9-5-3-6-10-15)16-11-7-4-8-12-16;1-11-4-3(9-6(8)10-4)5(13)12(2)7(11)14/h3-12,17H,13-14H2,1-2H3;13H,1-2H3/fC17H22NO.C7H6ClN4O2/h18H;13h/q+1;-1
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C8H11NO3/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3
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| Chemical IUPAC Name |
Caffeine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ 1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione
Dimenhydrinate¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ 2-benzhydryloxyethyl-dimethylazanium; 8-chloro-1,3-dimethyl-2-oxopurin-6-olate
Pyridoxine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol
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| Drug-Induced Toxicity Related Proteins |
CAFFEINE ÀÇ Drug-Induced Toxicity Related ProteinÁ¤º¸ Replated Protein:Metallothionein Drug:caffeine Toxicity:hepatotoxicity. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]
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