| Ç׸ñ |
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| DUR (ÀǾàǰ»ç¿ëÆò°¡) |
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| µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ |
Lecithin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼ºÁ¤º¸ : Á¤º¸º¸±â
Ãâó: ±¹¸³µ¶¼º°úÇпø µ¶¼º¹°ÁúÁ¤º¸DB : http://www.nitr.go.kr/nitr/contents/m134200/view.do |
| Mechanism of Action |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Choline is a major part of the polar head group of phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine's role in the maintenance of cell membrane integrity is vital to all of the basic biological processes: information flow, intracellular communication and bioenergetics. Inadequate choline intake would negatively affect all these processes. Choline is also a major part of another membrane phospholipid, sphingomyelin, also important for the maintenance of cell structure and function. It is noteworthy and not surprising that choline deficiency in cell culture causes apoptosis or programmed cell death. This appears to be due to abnormalities in cell membrane phosphatidylcholine content and an increase in ceramide, a precursor, as well as a metabolite, of sphingomyelin. Ceramide accumulation, which is caused by choline deficiency, appears to activate Caspase, a type of enzyme that mediates apoptosis. Betaine or trimethylglycine is derived from choline via an oxidation reaction. Betaine is one of the factors that maintains low levels of homocysteine by resynthesizing L-methionine from homocysteine. Elevated homocysteine levels are a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis, as well as other cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Acetylcholine is one of the major neurotransmitters and requires choline for its synthesis. Adequate acetylcholine levels in the brain are believed to be protective against certain types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease.
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ The mechanism of the possible anti-hepatotoxic activity of L-methionine is not entirely clear. It is thought that metabolism of high doses of acetaminophen in the liver lead to decreased levels of hepatic glutathione and increased oxidative stress. L-methionine is a precursor to L-cysteine. L-cysteine itself may have antioxidant activity. L-cysteine is also a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione. Antioxidant activity of L-methionine and metabolites of L-methionine appear to account for its possible anti-hepatotoxic activity. Recent research suggests that methionine itself has free-radical scavenging activity by virtue of its sulfur, as well as its chelating ability.
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| Pharmacology |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ This compound is needed for good nerve conduction throughout the CNS (central nervous system) as it is a precursor to acetylcholine (ACh). Choline is also needed for gallbladder regulation, liver function and lecithin (a key lipid) formation. Choline also aids in fat and cholesterol metabolism and prevents excessive fat build up in the liver. Choline has been used to mitigate the effects of Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. Choline deficiencies may result in excessive build-up of fat in the liver, high blood pressure, gastric ulcers, kidney and liver dysfunction and stunted growth.
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ L-Methionine is a principle supplier of sulfur which prevents disorders of the hair, skin and nails; helps lower cholesterol levels by increasing the liver's production of lecithin; reduces liver fat and protects the kidneys; a natural chelating agent for heavy metals; regulates the formation of ammonia and creates ammonia-free urine which reduces bladder irritation; influences hair follicles and promotes hair growth. L-methionine may protect against the toxic effects of hepatotoxins, such as acetaminophen. Methionine may have antioxidant activity.
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| Metabolism |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Cholinesterase
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Metabolism Á¤º¸ # Phase_1_Metabolizing_Enzyme:Glutamine SynthetaseMethylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
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| Absorption |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Not Available
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the enterocytes by an active transport process.
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| Pharmacokinetics |
L-methionineÀÇ ¾à¹°µ¿·ÂÇÐÀÚ·á
- ´ë»ç : S-adenosylmethionineÀ» °ÅÃÄ homocysteineÀ¸·Î ÀüȯµÈ´Ù. ±× ÈÄ 80%°¡ cystathione, cysteine, taurine, inorganic sulphate·Î Á¡Â÷·Î ´ë»çµÈ´Ù.
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| Biotransformation |
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Hepatic
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| Toxicity |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Oral rat LD50: 3400 mg/kg
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Doses of L-methionine of up to 250 mg daily are generally well tolerated. Higher doses may cause nausea, vomiting and headache. Healthy adults taking 8 grams of L-methionine daily for four days were found to have reduced serum folate levels and leucocytosis. Healthy adults taking 13.9 grams of L-methionine daily for five days were found to have changes in serum pH and potassium and increased urinary calcium excretion. Schizophrenic patients given 10 to 20 grams of L-methionine daily for two weeks developed functional psychoses. Single doses of 8 grams precipitated encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis.
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| Drug Interactions |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Not Available
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Not Available
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CYP450 Drug Interaction |
[CYP450 TableÁ÷Á¢Á¶È¸]
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| Food Interaction |
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Food Interaction Á¤º¸ Take with food.
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| Drug Target |
[Drug Target]
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| Description |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [PubChem]
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [PubChem]
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| Dosage Form |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Tablet Oral
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Dosage_Form Á¤º¸ Capsule OralPowder OralTablet OralTablet Oral
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| Drug Category |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Dietary supplementLipotropic AgentsMicronutrientNootropic Agents
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Category Á¤º¸ Dietary supplementEssential Amino AcidsMicronutrient
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| Smiles String Canonical |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ C[N+](C)(C)CCO
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_canonical Á¤º¸ CSCCC(N)C(O)=O
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| Smiles String Isomeric |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ C[N+](C)(C)CCO
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Smiles_String_isomeric Á¤º¸ CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O
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| InChI Identifier |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C5H14NO/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3/q+1
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ InChI_Identifier Á¤º¸ InChI=1/C5H11NO2S/c1-9-3-2-4(6)5(7)8/h4H,2-3,6H2,1H3,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1/f/h7H
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| Chemical IUPAC Name |
Choline¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ 2-hydroxyethyl-trimethylazanium
L-methionine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Chemical_IUPAC_Name Á¤º¸ (2S)-2-amino-4-methylsulfanylbutanoic acid
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| Drug-Induced Toxicity Related Proteins |
METHIONINE ÀÇ Drug-Induced Toxicity Related ProteinÁ¤º¸ Replated Protein:NMDA receptor-regulated protein Drug:methionine Toxicity:cerebrovascular disease. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â] Replated Protein:Cystathionine beta-synthase Drug:methionine Toxicity:lipoprotein peroxidation and platelet aggregation. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â] Replated Protein:Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Drug:methionine Toxicity:lipoprotein peroxidation and platelet aggregation. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]
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