Diphenhydramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Diphenhydramine competes with free histamine for binding at HA-receptor sites. This antagonizes the effects of histamine on HA-receptors, leading to a reduction of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine HA-receptor binding. Ergocalciferol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Vitamin D2 is the form of vitamin D most commonly added to foods and nutritional supplements. Vitamin D2 must be transformed (hydroxylated) into one of two active forms via the liver or kidney. Once transformed, it binds to the vitamin D receptor that then leads to a variety of regulatory roles. Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining calcium balance and in the regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH). It promotes renal reabsorption of calcium, increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and increases calcium and phosphorus mobilization from bone to plasma. Vitamin D2 and its analogs appear to promote intestinal absorption of calcium through binding to a specific receptor in the mucosal cytoplasm of the intestine. Subsequently, calcium is absorbed through formation of a calcium-binding protein. Zinc¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Mechanism_Of_Action Á¤º¸ Not Available
Pharmacology
Diphenhydramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine of the ethanolamine class. Ethanolamine antihistamines have significant antimuscarinic activity and produce marked sedation in most patients. In addition to the usual allergic symptoms, the drug also treats irritant cough and nausea, vomiting, and vertigo associated with motion sickness. It also is used commonly to treat drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms as well as to treat mild cases of Parkinson's disease. Rather than preventing the release of histamine, as do cromolyn and nedocromil, diphenhydramine competes with free histamine for binding at HA-receptor sites. Diphenhydramine competitively antagonizes the effects of histamine on HA-receptors in the GI tract, uterus, large blood vessels, and bronchial muscle. Ethanolamine derivatives have greater anticholinergic activity than do other antihistamines, which probably accounts for the antidyskinetic action of diphenhydramine. This anticholinergic action appears to be due to a central antimuscarinic effect, which also may be responsible for its antiemetic effects, although the exact mechanism is unknown. Ergocalciferol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Used in the treatment of hypcalcemia and in dialysis-dependent renal failure. Ergoalcifediol (Vitamin D2) is a fat soluble steroid hormone precursor of vitamin D that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. Zinc¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Pharmacology Á¤º¸ Not Available
Diphenhydramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 1-4 hours Ergocalciferol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨±â Á¤º¸ 19 to 48 hours (however, stored in fat deposits in body for prolonged periods).
Absorption
Diphenhydramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Quickly absorbed with maximum activity occurring in approximately one hour. Ergocalciferol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Readily absorbed from small intestine (proximal or distal), requires presence of bile salts. Zinc¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Absorption Á¤º¸ Not Available
Diphenhydramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Hepatic and renal Ergocalciferol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Biotransformation Á¤º¸ Within the liver, ergocalciferol is hydroxylated to ercalcidiol (25-hydroxyergocalciferol) by the enzyme 25-hydroxylase. Within the kidney, ercalcidiol serves as a substrate for 1-alpha-hydroxylase, yielding ercalcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol), the biologically active form of vitamin D2.
Toxicity
Diphenhydramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ LD50=500 mg/kg (orally in rats). Considerable overdosage can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack), serious ventricular dysrhythmias, coma and death. Ergocalciferol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ LD50 = 23.7 mg/kg (Orally in mice); LD50 = 10 mg/kg (Orally in rats ); Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, weight loss, irritability, weakness, fatigue, lassitude, and headache. Zinc¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Toxicity Á¤º¸ Not Available
Drug Interactions
Diphenhydramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Atomoxetine The CYP2D6 inhibitor could increases the effect and toxicity of atomoxetineDonepezil Possible antagonism of actionGalantamine Possible antagonism of actionMesoridazine Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmiasRivastigmine Possible antagonism of actionThioridazine Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias Ergocalciferol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Not Available Zinc¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Drug_Interactions Á¤º¸ Not Available
Diphenhydramine¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. Ergocalciferol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) is a derivative of ergosterol formed by ultraviolet rays breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from cholecalciferol in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24. [PubChem] Zinc¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Description Á¤º¸ A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.
VITAMIN A ÀÇ Drug-Induced Toxicity Related ProteinÁ¤º¸ Replated Protein:Retinol-binding protein, cellular Drug:vitamin a Toxicity:acute inflammation . [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]Replated Protein:Retinol-binding protein (RBP) Drug:vitamin a Toxicity:renal osteodystrophy. [¹Ù·Î°¡±â]